Kamagra tablets for sale uk

€‹Regional and rural patients now have access to 24-hour critical care under a $21.7 million telestroke service being rolled out across NSW.Patients at Port Macquarie and Coffs Harbour hospitals are the first kamagra tablets for sale uk to benefit from the NSW Telestroke Service, based at Sydney’s Prince of Wales Hospital. Health Minister Brad Hazzard said the revolutionary service will expand to up to 23 sites over the next three years. €œThe NSW Telestroke Service will remove kamagra tablets for sale uk geographical barriers and improve outcomes for thousands of regional and rural stroke patients every year, giving them a much greater chance of surviving and leading a normal life,” Mr Hazzard said. €œPeople in regional and rural areas have a far greater risk of hospitalisation from stroke and this vital service will provide them with immediate, life-saving diagnosis and treatment from the state’s leading clinicians.” In 2018-19, 13,651 people were hospitalised for a stroke in NSW.

Of those, 32 per cent were from regional, kamagra tablets for sale uk rural or remote areas. A successful pilot project in the Hunter New England, Central Coast and Mid North Coast local health districts since 2017 has already helped 1200 patients. The Stroke Foundation’s Chief Executive Officer Sharon McGowan welcomed the launch of the statewide service, jointly funded by the State and Federal governments. €œWhen a stroke strikes, kamagra tablets for sale uk it kills up to 1.9 million brain cells per minute.

This service will have an enormous impact by providing time-critical, best-practice treatment that saves lives and reduces lifelong disability,” Ms McGowan said. Prince of Wales Hospital’s Director of kamagra tablets for sale uk Clinical Neuroscience Professor Ken Butcher said. €œThe service links expert stroke clinicians with local emergency physicians to quickly determine the best possible treatment plan for a patient.” ​A strict permit system is in place for all flights arriving in NSW from Victoria and passengers undergo comprehensive police and health checks upon arrival. Health Minister Brad Hazzard said all flights are met by NSW Health staff and police officers to ensure anyone entering NSW complies with the current health orders.

“There are only limited reasons anyone from Victoria should be entering NSW kamagra tablets for sale uk and people have been turned back despite being allowed on the plane in Melbourne,” Mr Hazzard said. €œVictorian residents are not permitted into NSW at all unless they are needed for specific purposes and even then have to apply for and get a permit. €œWe are constantly reviewing the situation in Victoria and will adjust the health orders as necessary to protect the people of NSW.” Anyone who flies into NSW from Victoria must either be kamagra tablets for sale uk a NSW resident or have a relevant permit that allows entry into NSW – that can include:defence officialsdoctors and nursescritical workers in energy, mining and constructionchild protection workersdisability workers.All travellers are provided with a pack of two masks and hand sanitiser by the airlines. Upon arrival into NSW all passengers from Victoria are.

given masks if they left them on the planetemperature checkedasked relevant kamagra tablets for sale uk questions about their health. And their permit is checked to ensure it complies with the strict permit system.Anyone without a valid permit is referred to NSW Police and taken to the Special Health Accommodation to complete 14 days of quarantine. Strict instructions and rules are in place for those going into ‘Home Isolation’ including. Recommended they be collected in a private car by family or friendsnot to use public transport to get hometo only sit in the back seat of a car with the windows open and air conditioning not on recirculationtold to wear their face masks and observe hand hygiene recommendations, andcalled to kamagra tablets for sale uk make sure they arrive home.NSW Health is provided the contact details of everyone who enters NSW from Victoria.

NSW Police is conducting regular compliance checks for people told to go into ‘Home Isolation’ as well as responding to reports from the community in relation to suspected breaches. Over the weekend, NSW Police visited almost 600 homes to check that those that were meant to be self-isolating were doing so. In addition to that, over the same period NSW Police received 374 calls to Crime Stoppers reporting suspected breaches of the health orders, the majority of which were for people suspected of not following self-isolation rules. ​.

Kamagro

Start Preamble Notice of Amendment kamagro and Republished Declaration. The Secretary issues this amendment pursuant to section 319F-3 of the Public Health Service Act to amend his March 10, 2020 Declaration Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for Medical Countermeasures Against erectile dysfunction treatment. The amendments to the Declaration are applicable as of February 4, 2020, except as otherwise specified in Section XII kamagro. Start Further Info Robert P. Kadlec, MD, MTM&H, MS, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Office of the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, 200 Independence Avenue Start Printed Page 79191SW, Washington, DC 20201.

Telephone. 202-205-2882. End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness (PREP) Act, 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d et. Seq., authorizes the Secretary of Health and Human Services (the Secretary) to issue a declaration to provide liability protections to certain individuals and entities (Covered Persons) against any claim of loss caused by, arising out of, relating to, or resulting from, the manufacture, distribution, administration, or use of certain medical countermeasures (Covered Countermeasures), except for claims involving “willful misconduct,” as defined in the PREP Act.

Such declarations are subject to amendment as circumstances warrant. The PREP Act was enacted on December 30, 2005, as Public Law 109-148, Division C, Section 2. It amended the Public Health Service (PHS) Act, adding Section 319F-3, which addresses liability immunity, and Section 319F-4, which creates a compensation program. These sections are codified at 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d and 42 U.S.C.

247d-6e, respectively. Section 319F-3 of the PHS Act has been amended by the kamagra and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act (PAHPRA), Public Law 113-5, enacted on March 13, 2013, and the erectile dysfunction Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, Public Law 116-136, enacted on March 27, 2020, to expand Covered Countermeasures under the PREP Act. On January 31, 2020, the Secretary declared a public health emergency pursuant to section 319 of the PHS Act, 42 U.S.C. 247d, effective January 27, 2020, for the entire United States to aid in the response to the erectile dysfunction Disease 2019 (erectile dysfunction treatment) outbreak, which subsequently became a global kamagra. Pursuant to section 319 of the PHS Act, the Secretary renewed that declaration on April 21, 2020, July 23, 2020, and October 2, 2020.

On March 10, 2020, the Secretary issued a declaration under the PREP Act for medical countermeasures against erectile dysfunction treatment.[] On April 10, the Secretary amended the Declaration to extend liability protections to Covered Countermeasures authorized under the CARES Act.[] On June 4, the Secretary amended the Declaration to clarify that Covered Countermeasures under the Declaration include qualified kamagra and epidemic products that limit the harm that erectile dysfunction treatment might otherwise cause.[] On August 19, the Secretary amended the Declaration to add additional categories of Qualified Persons and to amend the category of disease, health condition, or threat for which he recommends the administration or use of Covered Countermeasures.[] The Secretary now further amends the Declaration pursuant to section 319F-3 of the Public Health Service Act. This Fourth Amendment to the Declaration. (a) Clarifies that the Declaration must be construed in accordance with the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of the General Counsel (OGC) Advisory Opinions on the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act and the Declaration (Advisory Opinions).[] The Declaration incorporates the Advisory Opinions for that purpose. (b) Incorporates authorizations that the HHS Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (OASH) has issued as an Authority Having Jurisdiction.[] (c) Adds an additional category of Qualified Persons under Section V of the Declaration and 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(i)(8)(B), i.e., healthcare personnel using telehealth to order or administer Covered Countermeasures for patients in a state other than the state where the healthcare personnel are permitted to practice.[] (d) Modifies and clarifies the training requirements for certain licensed pharmacists and pharmacy interns to administer certain routine childhood or erectile dysfunction treatment vaccinations.

(e) Makes explicit that Section VI covers all qualified kamagra and epidemic products under the PREP Act. (f) Adds a third method of distribution under Section VII of the Declaration and 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(a)(5) that would provide liability protections for, among other things, additional private-distribution channels. (g) Makes explicit in Section IX that there can be situations where not administering a covered countermeasure to a particular individual can fall within the PREP Act and this Declaration's liability protections. (h) Makes explicit in Section XI that there are substantial federal legal and policy issues, and substantial federal legal and policy interests, in having a unified, whole-of-nation response to the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra among federal, state, local, and private-sector entities.

The world is facing an unprecedented kamagra. To effectively respond, there must be a more consistent pathway for Covered Persons to manufacture, distribute, administer or use Covered Countermeasures across the nation and the world.Start Printed Page 79192 (i) Revises the effective time period of the Declaration in light of the amendments to the Declaration.[] The Secretary republishes the Declaration, as amended, in full. Unless otherwise noted, all statutory citations are to the U.S. Code. Description of This Amendment Declaration The Declaration has fifteen sections describing PREP Act coverage for medical countermeasures against erectile dysfunction treatment.

OGC has issued Advisory Opinions interpreting the PREP Act and reflecting the Secretary's interpretation of the Declaration.[] The Secretary now amends the Declaration to clarify that the Declaration must be construed in accordance with the Advisory Opinions. The Secretary expressly incorporates the Advisory Opinions for that purpose. Section V. Covered Persons Section V of the Declaration describes Covered Persons, including additional qualified persons identified by the Secretary, as required under the PREP Act. The Secretary amends Section V to specify an additional category of qualified persons.

Specifically, healthcare personnel who are permitted to order and administer a Covered Countermeasure through telehealth in a state may do so for patients in another state so long as the healthcare personnel comply with the legal requirements of the state in which the healthcare personnel are permitted to order and administer the Covered Countermeasure by means of telehealth. Telehealth is widely recognized as a valuable tool to promote public health during this kamagra. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Telehealth services can facilitate public health mitigation strategies during this kamagra by increasing social distancing. These services can be a safer option for [healthcare personnel (HCP)] and patients by reducing potential infectious exposures. They can reduce the strain on healthcare systems by minimizing the surge of patient demand on facilities and reduce the use of [personal protective equipment (PPE)] by healthcare providers.

Maintaining continuity of care to the extent possible can avoid additional negative consequences from delayed preventive, chronic, or routine care. Remote access to healthcare services may increase participation for those who are medically or socially vulnerable or who do not have ready access to providers. Remote access can also help preserve the patient-provider relationship at times when an in-person visit is not practical or feasible. Telehealth services can be used to. Screen patients who may have symptoms of erectile dysfunction treatment and refer as appropriate Provide low-risk urgent care for non-erectile dysfunction treatment conditions, identify those persons who may need additional medical consultation or assessment, and refer as appropriate Access primary care providers and specialists, including mental and behavioral health, for chronic health conditions and medication management Provide coaching and support for patients managing chronic health conditions, including weight management and nutrition counseling Participate in physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other modalities as a hybrid approach to in-person care for optimal health Monitor clinical signs of certain chronic medical conditions (e.g., blood pressure, blood glucose, other remote assessments) Engage in case management for patients who have difficulty accessing care (e.g., those who live in very rural settings, older adults, those with limited mobility) Follow up with patients after hospitalization Deliver advance care planning and counseling to patients and caregivers to document preferences if a life-threatening event or medical crisis occurs Provide non-emergent care to residents in long-term care facilities Provide education and training for HCP through peer-to-peer professional medical consultations (inpatient or outpatient) that are not locally available, particularly in rural areas.[] Similarly, CMS has stressed the importance of telehealth during this kamagra.

Telehealth, telemedicine, and related terms generally refer to the exchange of medical information from one site to another through electronic communication to improve a patient's health. Innovative uses of this kind of technology in the provision of healthcare is increasing. And with the emergence of the kamagra causing the disease erectile dysfunction treatment, there is an urgency to expand the use of technology to help people who need routine care, and keep vulnerable beneficiaries and beneficiaries with mild symptoms in their homes while maintaining access to the care they need. Limiting community spread of the kamagra, as well as limiting the exposure to other patients and staff members will slow viral spread.[] Accordingly, CMS and other HHS components has substantially expanded the scope of services paid under Medicare when furnished using telehealth technologies during this kamagra. Other HHS components have also taken steps to expand the use of telehealth during the kamagra.[] Moreover, to expand the use of telehealth during this kamagra, the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) at HHS is exercising enforcement discretion and will not impose penalties for noncompliance with the regulatory requirements under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Rules against covered healthcare providers that serve patients through everyday communications technologies during the erectile dysfunction treatment nationwide public health emergency.[] This exercise of discretion Start Printed Page 79193applies to widely available communications apps, such as FaceTime or Skype, when used in good faith for any telehealth treatment or diagnostic purpose, regardless of whether the telehealth service is directly related to erectile dysfunction treatment.[] Many states have authorized out-of-state healthcare personnel to deliver telehealth services to in-state patients, either generally or in the context of erectile dysfunction treatment.[] To help maximize the utility of telehealth, the Secretary declares that the term “qualified person” under 42 U.S.C.

247d-6d(i)(8)(B) includes healthcare personnel using telehealth to order or administer Covered Countermeasures for patients in a state other than the state where the healthcare personnel are permitted to practice. When ordering and administering Covered Countermeasures through telehealth to patients in a state where the healthcare personnel are not already permitted to do so, the healthcare personnel must comply with all requirements for ordering and administering Covered Countermeasures to patients through telehealth in the state where the healthcare personnel are licensed or otherwise permitted to practice. Any state law that prohibits or effectively prohibits such a qualified person from ordering and administering Covered Countermeasures through telehealth is preempted.[] Nothing in this Declaration shall preempt state laws that permit additional persons to deliver telehealth services. The Secretary also amends Section V to include several examples of Covered Persons who are Qualified Persons, because they are authorized in accordance with the public health and medical emergency response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction to prescribe, administer, deliver, distribute or dispense the Covered Countermeasures. Those examples include certain pharmacists, pharmacy interns, and pharmacy technicians who order or administer certain erectile dysfunction treatment tests and certain treatments.[] These examples are not an exclusive or exhaustive list of persons who are qualified persons identified by the Secretary in Section V.

The Secretary also amends Section V to make explicit that the requirement in that section for certain qualified persons to have a current certificate in basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation is satisfied by, among other things, a certification in basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation by an online program that has received accreditation from the American Nurses Credentialing Center, the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), or the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education. The Secretary also amends Section V's training requirements for licensed pharmacists to order and administer certain childhood or erectile dysfunction treatments. To order and administer treatments, the licensed pharmacist must have completed the immunization training that the licensing State requires in order for pharmacists to administer treatments. If the State does not specify training requirements for the licensed pharmacist to order and administer treatments, the licensed pharmacist must complete a vaccination training program of at least 20 hours that is approved by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) to order and administer treatments. This training program must include hands-on injection technique, clinical evaluation of indications and contraindications of treatments, and the recognition and treatment of emergency reactions to treatments.

Other than the basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation requirement and the practical training program requirement, this Amendment does not change the requirements for a pharmacist, pharmacy intern, or pharmacy technician to be a “qualified person” under 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(i)(8)(B) who can order or administer childhood or erectile dysfunction treatments pursuant to the Declaration. Section VI. Covered Countermeasures The Secretary amends Section VI to make explicit that Section VI covers all qualified kamagra and epidemic products under the PREP Act.Start Printed Page 79194 Section VII. Limitations on Distribution The Secretary may specify that liability protections are in effect only for Covered Countermeasures obtained through a particular means of distribution.

The Declaration previously stated that liability immunity is afforded to Covered Persons only for Recommended Activities related to (a) present or future federal contracts, cooperative agreements, grants, other transactions, interagency agreements, or memoranda of understanding or other federal agreements. Or (b) activities authorized in accordance with the public health and medical response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction to prescribe, administer, deliver, distribute, or dispense the Covered Countermeasures following a declaration of an emergency. erectile dysfunction treatment is an unprecedented global challenge that requires a whole-of-nation response that utilizes federal-, state-, and local- distribution channels as well as private-distribution channels. Given the broad scale of this kamagra, the Secretary amends the Declaration to extend PREP Act coverage to additional private-distribution channels, as set forth below. The amended Section VII adds that PREP Act liability protections also extend to Covered Persons for Recommended Activities that are related to any Covered Countermeasure that is.

(a) Licensed, approved, cleared, or authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (or that is permitted to be used under an Investigational New Drug Application or an Investigational Device Exemption) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FD&C) Act or Public Health Service (PHS) Act to treat, diagnose, cure, prevent, mitigate or limit the harm from erectile dysfunction treatment, or the transmission of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom. Or (b) a respiratory protective device approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) under 42 CFR part 84, or any successor regulations, that the Secretary determines to be a priority for use during a public health emergency declared under section 319 of the PHS Act to prevent, mitigate, or limit the harm from, erectile dysfunction treatment, or the transmission of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom. To qualify for this third distribution channel (but not necessarily to qualify for the other distribution channels), a Covered Person must manufacture, test, develop, distribute, administer, or use the Covered Countermeasure pursuant to the FDA licensure, approval, clearance, or authorization (or pursuant to an Investigational New Drug Application or Investigational Device Exemption), or the NIOSH approval. This third distribution channel may extend PREP Act coverage when there is no federal agreement or authorization in accordance with the public health and medical response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction to prescribe, administer, deliver, distribute or dispense the Covered Countermeasures following a declaration of an emergency. For example, a manufacturer, distributor, program planner, or qualified person engages in manufacturing, testing, development, distribution, administration, or use of a erectile dysfunction treatment test pursuant to an FDA Emergency Use Authorization for that erectile dysfunction treatment test.

If the Covered Person satisfies all other requirements of the PREP Act and Declaration, there will be PREP Act coverage even if there is no federal agreement to cover those activities and those activities are not part of the authorized activity of an Authority Having Jurisdiction. Section IX. Administration of Covered Countermeasures The Secretary amends Section IX to make explicit that there can be situations where not administering a covered countermeasure to a particular individual can fall within the PREP Act and this Declaration's liability protections. Section XI. Geographic Area The Secretary makes explicit in Section XI that there are substantial federal legal and policy issues, and substantial federal legal and policy interests within the meaning of Grable &.

Sons Metal Products, Inc. V. Darue Eng'g. &. Mf'g., 545 U.S.

308 (2005), in having a unified, whole-of-nation response to the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra among federal, state, local, and private-sector entities. The world is facing an unprecedented global kamagra. To effectively respond, there must be a more consistent pathway for Covered Persons to manufacture, distribute, administer or use Covered Countermeasures across the nation and the world. Thus, there are substantial federal legal and policy issues, and substantial federal legal and policy interests within the meaning of Grable &. Sons Metal Products, Inc.

V. Darue Eng'g. &. Mf'g., 545 U.S. 308 (2005), in having a uniform interpretation of the PREP Act.

Under the PREP Act, the sole exception to the immunity from suit and liability of covered persons is an exclusive Federal cause of action against a Covered Person for death or serious physical injury proximately caused by willful misconduct by such Covered Person. In all other cases, an injured party's exclusive remedy is an administrative remedy under section 319F-4 of the PHS Act. Through the PREP Act, Congress delegated to me the authority to strike the appropriate Federal-state balance with respect to particular Covered Countermeasures through PREP Act declarations. Section XII. Effective Time Period The Secretary amends Section XII to provide that liability protections for all Covered Countermeasures administered and used in accordance with the public health and medical response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction, as identified in Section VII(b) of this Declaration, begins with a “Declaration of Emergency,” as defined in Section VII (except that, with respect to qualified persons who order or administer a routine childhood vaccination that ACIP recommends to persons ages three through 18 according to ACIP's standard immunization schedule, PREP Act coverage began on August 24, 2020), and lasts through (a) the final day the Declaration of Emergency is in effect, or (b) October 1, 2024, whichever occurs first.

This change is to conform the text of the Declaration to the Third Amendment.[] The Secretary also amends Section XII to provide that liability protections for all Covered Countermeasures identified in Section VII(c) of this Declaration begins on the date of this amended Declaration and lasts through (a) the final day the Declaration of Emergency is in effect, or (b) October 1, 2024, whichever occurs first. Because the Secretary is adding Section VII(c) to the Declaration in this Amendment, Section XII provides that Section VII(c) is effective as of the date this amended Declaration is published. Additional Amendments The Secretary also makes other, non-substantive amendments. Declaration, as Amended, for Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act Coverage for Medical Countermeasures Against erectile dysfunction treatment To the extent any term previously in the Declaration, including its amendments, is inconsistent with any provision of this Republished Declaration, the terms of this Republished Declaration are controlling. This Declaration must be construed in accordance with the Advisory Opinions Start Printed Page 79195of the Office of the General Counsel (Advisory Opinions).

I incorporate those Advisory Opinions as part of this Declaration.[] This Declaration is a “requirement” under the PREP Act. I. Determination of Public Health Emergency 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(b)(1) I have determined that the spread of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom and the resulting disease erectile dysfunction treatment constitutes a public health emergency. I further determine that use of any respiratory protective device approved by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84, or any successor regulations, is a priority for use during the public health emergency that I declared on January 31, 2020 under section 319 of the PHS Act for the entire United States to aid in the response of the nation's healthcare community to the erectile dysfunction treatment outbreak.

II. Factors Considered 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(b)(6) I have considered the desirability of encouraging the design, development, clinical testing, or investigation, manufacture, labeling, distribution, formulation, packaging, marketing, promotion, sale, purchase, donation, dispensing, prescribing, administration, licensing, and use of the Covered Countermeasures. III. Recommended Activities 42 U.S.C.

247d-6d(b)(1) I recommend, under the conditions stated in this Declaration, the manufacture, testing, development, distribution, administration, and use of the Covered Countermeasures. IV. Liability Protections 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(a), 247d-6d(b)(1) Liability protections as prescribed in the PREP Act and conditions stated in this Declaration are in effect for the Recommended Activities described in Section III. V.

Covered Persons 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(i)(2), (3), (4), (6), (8)(A) and (B) Covered Persons who are afforded liability protections under this Declaration are “manufacturers,” “distributors,” “program planners,” and “qualified persons,” as those terms are defined in the PREP Act. Their officials, agents, and employees. And the United States. In addition, I have determined that the following additional persons are qualified persons.

(a) Any person authorized in accordance with the public health and medical emergency response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction, as described in Section VII below, to prescribe, administer, deliver, distribute or dispense the Covered Countermeasures, and their officials, agents, employees, contractors and volunteers, following a Declaration of Emergency, as that term is defined in Section VII of this Declaration; [] (b) any person authorized to prescribe, administer, or dispense the Covered Countermeasures or who is otherwise authorized to perform an activity under an Emergency Use Authorization in accordance with Section 564 of the FD&C Act. (c) any person authorized to prescribe, administer, or dispense Covered Countermeasures in accordance with Section 564A of the FD&C Act. (d) a State-licensed pharmacist who orders and administers, and pharmacy interns who administer (if the pharmacy intern acts under the supervision of such pharmacist and the pharmacy intern is licensed or registered by his or her State board of pharmacy), [] (1) treatments that the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends to persons ages three through 18 according to ACIP's standard immunization schedule or (2) FDA-authorized or FDA-licensed erectile dysfunction treatments to persons ages three or older. Such State-licensed pharmacists and the State-licensed or registered interns under their supervision are qualified persons only if the following requirements are met. I.

The treatment must be authorized, approved, or licensed by the FDA. Ii. In the case of a erectile dysfunction treatment, the vaccination must be ordered and administered according to ACIP's erectile dysfunction treatment recommendation(s). Iii. In the case of a childhood treatment, the vaccination must be ordered and administered according to ACIP's standard immunization schedule.

Iv. The licensed pharmacist must have completed the immunization training that the licensing State requires in order for pharmacists to order and administer treatments. If the State does not specify training requirements for the licensed pharmacist to order and administer treatments, the licensed pharmacist must complete a vaccination training program of at least 20 hours that is approved by the Accreditation Start Printed Page 79196Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) to order and administer treatments. Such a training program must include hands-on injection technique, clinical evaluation of indications and contraindications of treatments, and the recognition and treatment of emergency reactions to treatments. V.

The licensed or registered pharmacy intern must complete a practical training program that is approved by the ACPE. This training program must include hands-on injection technique, clinical evaluation of indications and contraindications of treatments, and the recognition and treatment of emergency reactions to treatments. Vi. The licensed pharmacist and licensed or registered pharmacy intern must have a current certificate in basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation; [] vii. The licensed pharmacist must complete a minimum of two hours of ACPE-approved, immunization-related continuing pharmacy education during each State licensing period.

Viii. The licensed pharmacist must comply with recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the jurisdiction in which he or she administers treatments, including informing the patient's primary-care provider when available, submitting the required immunization information to the State or local immunization information system (treatment registry), complying with requirements with respect to reporting adverse events, and complying with requirements whereby the person administering a treatment must review the treatment registry or other vaccination records prior to administering a treatment. And ix. The licensed pharmacist must inform his or her childhood-vaccination patients and the adult caregiver accompanying the child of the importance of a well-child visit with a pediatrician or other licensed primary care provider and refer patients as appropriate. X.

The licensed pharmacist and the licensed or registered pharmacy intern must comply with any applicable requirements (or conditions of use) as set forth in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) erectile dysfunction treatment vaccination provider agreement and any other federal requirements that apply to the administration of erectile dysfunction treatment(s). (e) Healthcare personnel using telehealth to order or administer Covered Countermeasures for patients in a state other than the state where the healthcare personnel are licensed or otherwise permitted to practice. When ordering and administering Covered Countermeasures by means of telehealth to patients in a state where the healthcare personnel are not already permitted to practice, the healthcare personnel must comply with all requirements for ordering and administering Covered Countermeasures to patients by means of telehealth in the state where the healthcare personnel are permitted to practice. Any state law that prohibits or effectively prohibits such a qualified person from ordering and administering Covered Countermeasures by means of telehealth is preempted.[] Nothing in this Declaration shall preempt state laws that permit additional persons to deliver telehealth services. Nothing in this Declaration shall be construed to affect the National treatment Injury Compensation Program, including an injured party's ability to obtain compensation under that program.

Covered Countermeasures that are subject to the National treatment Injury Compensation Program authorized under 42 U.S.C. 300aa-10 et seq. Are covered under this Declaration for the purposes of liability immunity and injury compensation only to the extent that injury compensation is not provided under that Program. All other terms and conditions of the Declaration apply to such Covered Countermeasures. VI.

Covered Countermeasures 42 U.S.C. 247d-6b(c)(1)(B), 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(i)(1) and (7) Covered Countermeasures are. (a) Any antiviral, any drug, any biologic, any diagnostic, any other device, any respiratory protective device, or any treatment manufactured, used, designed, developed, modified, licensed, or procured. I.

To diagnose, mitigate, prevent, treat, or cure erectile dysfunction treatment, or the transmission of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom. Or ii. To limit the harm that erectile dysfunction treatment, or the transmission of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom, might otherwise cause. (b) a product manufactured, used, designed, developed, modified, licensed, or procured to diagnose, mitigate, prevent, treat, or cure a serious or life-threatening disease or condition caused by a product described in paragraph (a) above. (c) a product or technology intended to enhance the use or effect of a product described in paragraph (a) or (b) above.

Or (d) any device used in the administration of any such product, and all components and constituent materials of any such product. To be a Covered Countermeasure under the Declaration, a product must also meet 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(i)(1)'s definition of “Covered Countermeasure.” VII. Limitations on Distribution 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(a)(5) and (b)(2)(E) I have determined that liability protections are afforded to Covered Persons only for Recommended Activities involving.

(a) Covered Countermeasures that are related to present or future federal contracts, cooperative agreements, grants, other transactions, interagency agreements, memoranda of understanding, or other federal agreements. (b) Covered Countermeasures that are related to activities authorized in accordance with the public health and medical response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction to prescribe, administer, deliver, distribute or dispense the Covered Countermeasures following a Declaration of Emergency. Or (c) Covered Countermeasures that are. I. Licensed, approved, cleared, or authorized by the FDA (or that are permitted to be used under an Investigational New Drug Application or an Investigational Device Exemption) under the FD&C Act or PHS Act to treat, diagnose, cure, prevent, mitigate, or limit the harm from erectile dysfunction treatment, or the transmission of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom.

OrStart Printed Page 79197 ii. A respiratory protective device approved by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84, or any successor regulations, that the Secretary determines to be a priority for use during a public health emergency declared under section 319 of the PHS Act to prevent, mitigate, or limit the harm from erectile dysfunction treatment, or the transmission of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom. To qualify for this third distribution channel, a Covered Person must manufacture, test, develop, distribute, administer, or use the Covered Countermeasure pursuant to the FDA licensure, approval, clearance, or authorization (or pursuant to an Investigational New Drug Application or Investigational Device Exemption), or the NIOSH approval. As used in this Declaration, the terms “Authority Having Jurisdiction” and “Declaration of Emergency” have the following meanings. (a) The Authority Having Jurisdiction means the public agency or its delegate that has legal responsibility and authority for responding to an incident, based on political or geographical (e.g., city, county, tribal, state, or federal boundary lines) or functional (e.g., law enforcement, public health) range or sphere of authority.

(b) A Declaration of Emergency means any declaration by any authorized local, regional, state, or federal official of an emergency specific to events that indicate an immediate need to administer and use the Covered Countermeasures, with the exception of a federal declaration in support of an Emergency Use Authorization under Section 564 of the FD&C Act unless such declaration specifies otherwise. I have also determined that, for governmental program planners only, liability protections are afforded only to the extent such program planners obtain Covered Countermeasures through voluntary means, such as (a) donation. (b) commercial sale. (c) deployment of Covered Countermeasures from federal stockpiles. Or (d) deployment of donated, purchased, or otherwise voluntarily obtained Covered Countermeasures from state, local, or private stockpiles.

VIII. Category of Disease, Health Condition, or Threat 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(b)(2)(A) The category of disease, health condition, or threat for which I recommend the administration or use of the Covered Countermeasures is not only erectile dysfunction treatment caused by erectile dysfunction, or a kamagra mutating therefrom, but also other diseases, health conditions, or threats that may have been caused by erectile dysfunction treatment, erectile dysfunction, or a kamagra mutating therefrom, including the decrease in the rate of childhood immunizations, which will lead to an increase in the rate of infectious diseases. IX. Administration of Covered Countermeasures 42 U.S.C.

247d-6d(a)(2)(B) Administration of the Covered Countermeasure means physical provision of the countermeasures to recipients, or activities and decisions directly relating to public and private delivery, distribution and dispensing of the countermeasures to recipients, management and operation of countermeasure programs, or management and operation of locations for the purpose of distributing and dispensing countermeasures. Where there are limited Covered Countermeasures, not administering a Covered Countermeasure to one individual in order to administer it to another individual can constitute “relating to. . . The administration to.

. . An individual” under 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d. For example, consider a situation where there is only one dose [] of a erectile dysfunction treatment, and a person in a vulnerable population and a person in a less vulnerable population both request it from a healthcare professional.

In that situation, the healthcare professional administers the one dose to the person who is more vulnerable to erectile dysfunction treatment. In that circumstance, the failure to administer the erectile dysfunction treatment to the person in a less-vulnerable population “relat[es] to. . . The administration to” the person in a vulnerable population.

The person in the vulnerable population was able to receive the treatment only because it was not administered to the person in the less-vulnerable population. Prioritization or purposeful allocation of a Covered Countermeasure, particularly if done in accordance with a public health authority's directive, can fall within the PREP Act and this Declaration's liability protections. X. Population 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(a)(4), 247d-6d(b)(2)(C) The populations of individuals to whom the liability protections of this Declaration extend include any individual who uses or is administered the Covered Countermeasures in accordance with this Declaration.

Liability protections are afforded to manufacturers and distributors without regard to whether the countermeasure is used by or administered to this population. Liability protections are afforded to program planners and qualified persons when the countermeasure is used by or administered to this population, or the program planner or qualified person reasonably could have believed the recipient was in this population. XI. Geographic Area 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(a)(4), 247d-6d(b)(2)(D) Liability protections are afforded for the administration or use of a Covered Countermeasure without geographic limitation.

Liability protections are afforded to manufacturers and distributors without regard to whether the Covered Countermeasure is used by or administered in any designated geographic area. Liability protections are afforded to program planners and qualified persons when the countermeasure is used by or administered in any designated geographic area, or the program planner or qualified person reasonably could have believed the recipient was in that geographic area. erectile dysfunction treatment is a global challenge that requires a whole-of-nation response. There are substantial federal legal and policy issues, and substantial federal legal and policy interests within the meaning of Grable &. Sons Metal Products, Inc.

V. Darue Eng'g. &. Mf'g., 545 U.S. 308 (2005), in having a unified, whole-of-nation response to the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra among federal, state, local, and private-sector entities.

The world is facing an unprecedented kamagra. To effectively respond, there must be a more consistent pathway for Covered Persons to manufacture, distribute, administer or use Covered Countermeasures across the nation and the world. Thus, there are substantial federal legal and policy issues, and substantial federal legal and policy interests within the meaning of Grable &. Sons Metal Products, Inc. V.

Darue Eng'g. &. Mf'g., 545 U.S. 308 (2005), in having a uniform interpretation of the PREP Act. Under the PREP Act, the sole exception to the immunity from suit and liability of covered persons under the PREP Act is an exclusive Federal cause of action against a covered person for death or serious physical injury proximately caused by willful misconduct by such covered person.

In all other cases, an injured party's exclusive remedy is an administrative Start Printed Page 79198remedy under section 319F-4 of the PHS Act. Through the PREP Act, Congress delegated to me the authority to strike the appropriate Federal-state balance with respect to particular Covered Countermeasures through PREP Act declarations.[] XII. Effective Time Period 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(b)(2)(B) Liability protections for any respiratory protective device approved by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84, or any successor regulations, through the means of distribution identified in Section VII(a) of this Declaration, begin on March 27, 2020 and extend through October 1, 2024. Liability protections for all other Covered Countermeasures identified in Section VI of this Declaration, through means of distribution identified in Section VII(a) of this Declaration, begin on February 4, 2020 and extend through October 1, 2024.

Liability protections for all Covered Countermeasures administered and used in accordance with the public health and medical response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction, as identified in Section VII(b) of this Declaration, begin with a Declaration of Emergency as that term is defined in Section VII (except that, with respect to qualified persons who order or administer a routine childhood vaccination that ACIP recommends to persons ages three through 18 according to ACIP's standard immunization schedule, liability protections began on August 24, 2020), and last through (a) the final day the Declaration of Emergency is in effect, or (b) October 1, 2024, whichever occurs first. Liability protections for all Covered Countermeasures identified in Section VII(c) of this Declaration begin on the date of this amended Declaration and last through (a) the final day the Declaration of Emergency is in effect, or (b) October 1, 2024, whichever occurs first. XIII. Additional Time Period of Coverage 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(b)(3)(B) and (C) I have determined that an additional 12 months of liability protection is reasonable to allow for the manufacturer(s) to arrange for disposition of the Covered Countermeasure, including return of the Covered Countermeasures to the manufacturer, and for Covered Persons to take such other actions as are appropriate to limit the administration or use of the Covered Countermeasures.

Covered Countermeasures obtained for the SNS during the effective period of this Declaration are covered through the date of administration or use pursuant to a distribution or release from the SNS. XIV. Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program 42 U.S.C 247d-6e The PREP Act authorizes the Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program (CICP) to provide benefits to certain individuals or estates of individuals who sustain a covered serious physical injury as the direct result of the administration or use of the Covered Countermeasures, and benefits to certain survivors of individuals who die as a direct result of the administration or use of the Covered Countermeasures. The causal connection between the countermeasure and the serious physical injury must be supported by compelling, reliable, valid, medical and scientific evidence in order for the individual to be considered for compensation. The CICP is administered by the Health Resources and Services Administration, within the Department of Health and Human Services.

Information about the CICP is available at the toll-free number 1-855-266-2427 or http://www.hrsa.gov/​cicp/​. XV. Amendments 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(b)(4) Amendments to this Declaration will be published in the Federal Register, as warranted. Start Authority 42 U.S.C.

247d-6d. End Authority Start Signature Dated. December 3, 2020. Alex M. Azar II, Secretary of Health and Human Services.

End Signature End Supplemental Information [FR Doc. 2020-26977 Filed 12-8-20. 8:45 am]BILLING CODE 4150-37-PSign up for our newsletter When it comes to administering erectile dysfunction treatment to frontline healthcare workers and long-term-care facility residents, a small county on the Canadian border in eastern Washington may have an advantage. Earlier this year, the Ferry County Health system, with headquarters in Republic, Washington, constructed two outbuildings for erectile dysfunction treatment testing and vaccinations. Then they purchased specialized freezers that can reach temperatures as low as minus 94 degrees Fahrenheit – the storage temperature for one of the treatments on track for federal approval.

Ferry County Health’s specialized freezer that can safely store erectile dysfunction treatments. (Source. Ferry County Regional Hospital System) “We were one of the rare ones who got that freezer,” said Aaron Edwards, CEO of Ferry County Health. €œWe were watching the media about who looked like they were going to come through with the treatment and made an educated guess that it would be Pfizer, so we went ahead and ordered one. €¦ Being this remote, we thought we had to have one.” Ferry County is about 120 miles northwest of Spokane and contains large swaths of Colville National Forest and the Colville Indian Reservation.

It has a population of about 7,600. Along winding roads that snake up and down mountains, getting treatments couriered to the hospital didn’t seem practical, Edwards said. And the area’s one airlanding strip is closed for the season. Ensuring that the facility can store the treatments is key to keeping the community safe, he said. But that decision puts Ferry County Health in a much better position than most rural hospitals.

In November, Claire Hannan, executive director of nonprofit organization the Association of Immunization Managers, told Reuters that about a third of the states had purchased the ultra-cold freezers needed to store the kamagra. Companies that produce the freezers are now saying there could be months’ long backlogs to get freezers to those who want them. Ferry County, Washington. (By David Benbennick, Source. Wikipedia) Storing the treatment is one of a few challenges rural hospitals face when it comes to getting and distributing the treatments.

Earlier this week, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, a group that advises the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) voted 13 to 1 to make healthcare workers and residents in long-term care facilities the first group of Americans to receive the vaccination for erectile dysfunction treatment. In a presentation on the subject, Dr. Sarah Oliver said there were an estimated 21 million healthcare workers and 3 million residents in long-term care facilities across the country. She also said the U.S. Government has contracted with Pfizer and Moderna to receive about 40 million doses of the treatments – enough for between 15 and 20 million people because the treatment requires two shots between three and four weeks apart – by the end of the year.

Starting in January 2021, the CDC anticipates the treatments will come in at a rate of about 5 to 10 million doses per week. The U.S. Department of Transportation announced this week that it is working with Operation Warp Speed, the Trump administration’s commission on the kamagra, to ensure that all “necessary regulatory measures have been taken for the safe, rapid transportation of the erectile dysfunction disease 2019 (erectile dysfunction treatment) treatment by land and air.” Like this story?. Sign up for our newsletter. Reports indicate that the treatment will be distributed to states based on their populations, and rural health advocates wonder if that will harm some rural hospitals.

€œIf the treatment is distributed by population, less populated — and more rural — states will get fewer doses of the treatment initially,” said Carrie Henning-Smith, an associate professor in Health Policy and Management at the University of Minnesota School of Public Health and the deputy director of the University of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center. €œOnce the treatments are divided by states, however, many of the specific distribution plans will vary by state, and rural facilities may face a disadvantage relative to larger facilities in more populous cities within their states,” she said. If the distribution plan is based solely on population size, rural areas with higher-than-average rates may not get enough treatment to meet their needs, she said. Edwards said he’s been assured that his hospital will receive the treatments, mostly because he has the freezers. To administer the treatment, according to policy in Washington state, a healthcare facility must have the ultra-cold storage facilities that have been validated, Edward said.

Ferry County Health’s small size could work to the community’s advantage. The smallest unit of delivery for the treatment is about 900 doses, he said, enough for 450 people. FCRH has 134 people on staff. It also has nine patients in long-term-care and 15 in assisted living in an attached facility. The state may have him use those extra doses on front-line workers like EMS personnel, firefighters and law enforcement, he said.

Or the state may have him re-package what he doesn’t use and send it to another healthcare facility. Hospitals and state health department officials in Washington are conducting weekly calls about the vaccination plan, but there are still questions, such as how the state will deliver the treatments. €œThey have not communicated the way they’re going to get them to us,” Edward said. €œWe think it’s going through UPS, but we’re not sure. If I’ve got to drive down there in my little gray Tundra to get it, then I guess that’s what I’m going to do.” During its hearing this week, members of the federal immunization advisory committee also suggested that hospitals and healthcare facilities not vaccinate an entire unit at once.

Because some people who get the treatment have experienced symptoms of the disease, having staff members out due to sickness would put increased pressure on those remaining. It could be worse in rural hospitals, Henning-Smith said. €œThis could present a complicated issue for small rural facilities already facing workforce shortages,” she said. €œIf there are limited providers within a facility, any additional staffing shortages caused by potential side effects could compromise access to care for patients and put added strain on providers.” That doesn’t mean healthcare workers shouldn’t get vaccinated, she said. €œBut in smaller facilities without a deep bench of staff, creativity and collaboration will be needed to address any staffing shortages that arise during this period.” Edwards said differing work schedules and the natural timing of vaccination schedules should be enough to prevent staff shortages.

But getting that treatment is crucial, he said. He said he is especially concerned about patients in the hospital’s long-term care facility. Support Our Rural Reporting For the rest of 2020, you have a special opportunity to double your contribution to the Daily Yonder. Your gift will be matched dollar for dollar by NewsMatch, a nonprofit news funding program. “I do know it’s a matter of time before the weasel gets into the henhouse,” he said.

€œI’m very concerned about our long-term care patients and I want to make sure we protect them. I can’t expect my staff to keep batting a thousand. It’s going to get in. It’s just a matter of time.” You Might Also Like.

Start Preamble Notice kamagra tablets for sale uk of Amendment and Republished Declaration. The Secretary issues this amendment pursuant to section 319F-3 of the Public Health Service Act to amend his March 10, 2020 Declaration Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for Medical Countermeasures Against erectile dysfunction treatment. The amendments to the kamagra tablets for sale uk Declaration are applicable as of February 4, 2020, except as otherwise specified in Section XII. Start Further Info Robert P. Kadlec, MD, MTM&H, MS, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Office of the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, 200 Independence Avenue Start Printed Page 79191SW, Washington, DC 20201.

Telephone. 202-205-2882. End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness (PREP) Act, 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d et. Seq., authorizes the Secretary of Health and Human Services (the Secretary) to issue a declaration to provide liability protections to certain individuals and entities (Covered Persons) against any claim of loss caused by, arising out of, relating to, or resulting from, the manufacture, distribution, administration, or use of certain medical countermeasures (Covered Countermeasures), except for claims involving “willful misconduct,” as defined in the PREP Act.

Such declarations are subject to amendment as circumstances warrant. The PREP Act was enacted on December 30, 2005, as Public Law 109-148, Division C, Section 2. It amended the Public Health Service (PHS) Act, adding Section 319F-3, which addresses liability immunity, and Section 319F-4, which creates a compensation program. These sections are codified at 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d and 42 U.S.C.

247d-6e, respectively. Section 319F-3 of the PHS Act has been amended by the kamagra and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act (PAHPRA), Public Law 113-5, enacted on March 13, 2013, and the erectile dysfunction Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, Public Law 116-136, enacted on March 27, 2020, to expand Covered Countermeasures under the PREP Act. On January 31, 2020, the Secretary declared a public health emergency pursuant to section 319 of the PHS Act, 42 U.S.C. 247d, effective January 27, 2020, for the entire United States to aid in the response to the erectile dysfunction Disease 2019 (erectile dysfunction treatment) outbreak, which subsequently became a global kamagra. Pursuant to section 319 of the PHS Act, the Secretary renewed that declaration on April 21, 2020, July 23, 2020, and October 2, 2020.

On March 10, 2020, the Secretary issued a declaration under the PREP Act for medical countermeasures against erectile dysfunction treatment.[] On April 10, the Secretary amended the Declaration to extend liability protections to Covered Countermeasures authorized under the CARES Act.[] On June 4, the Secretary amended the Declaration to clarify that Covered Countermeasures under the Declaration include qualified kamagra and epidemic products that limit the harm that erectile dysfunction treatment might otherwise cause.[] On August 19, the Secretary amended the Declaration to add additional categories of Qualified Persons and to amend the category of disease, health condition, or threat for which he recommends the administration or use of Covered Countermeasures.[] The Secretary now further amends the Declaration pursuant to section 319F-3 of the Public Health Service Act. This Fourth Amendment to the Declaration. (a) Clarifies that the Declaration must be construed in accordance with the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of the General Counsel (OGC) Advisory Opinions on the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act and the Declaration (Advisory Opinions).[] The Declaration incorporates the Advisory Opinions for that purpose. (b) Incorporates authorizations that the HHS Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (OASH) has issued as an Authority Having Jurisdiction.[] (c) Adds an additional category of Qualified Persons under Section V of the Declaration and 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(i)(8)(B), i.e., healthcare personnel using telehealth to order or administer Covered Countermeasures for patients in a state other than the state where the healthcare personnel are permitted to practice.[] (d) Modifies and clarifies the training requirements for certain licensed pharmacists and pharmacy interns to administer certain routine childhood or erectile dysfunction treatment vaccinations.

(e) Makes explicit that Section VI covers all qualified kamagra and epidemic products under the PREP Act. (f) Adds a third method of distribution under Section VII of the Declaration and 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(a)(5) that would provide liability protections for, among other things, additional private-distribution channels. (g) Makes explicit in Section IX that there can be situations where not administering a covered countermeasure to a particular individual can fall within the PREP Act and this Declaration's liability protections. (h) Makes explicit in Section XI that there are substantial federal legal and policy issues, and substantial federal legal and policy interests, in having a unified, whole-of-nation response to the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra among federal, state, local, and private-sector entities.

The world is facing an unprecedented kamagra. To effectively respond, there must be a more consistent pathway for Covered Persons to manufacture, distribute, administer or use Covered Countermeasures across the nation and the world.Start Printed Page 79192 (i) Revises the effective time period of the Declaration in light of the amendments to the Declaration.[] The Secretary republishes the Declaration, as amended, in full. Unless otherwise noted, all statutory citations are to the U.S. Code. Description of This Amendment Declaration The Declaration has fifteen sections describing PREP Act coverage for medical countermeasures against erectile dysfunction treatment.

OGC has issued Advisory Opinions interpreting the PREP Act and reflecting the Secretary's interpretation of the Declaration.[] The Secretary now amends the Declaration to clarify that the Declaration must be construed in accordance with the Advisory Opinions. The Secretary expressly incorporates the Advisory Opinions for that purpose. Section V. Covered Persons Section V of the Declaration describes Covered Persons, including additional qualified persons identified by the Secretary, as required under the PREP Act. The Secretary amends Section V to specify an additional category of qualified persons.

Specifically, healthcare personnel who are permitted to order and administer a Covered Countermeasure through telehealth in a state may do so for patients in another state so long as the healthcare personnel comply with the legal requirements of the state in which the healthcare personnel are permitted to order and administer the Covered Countermeasure by means of telehealth. Telehealth is widely recognized as a valuable tool to promote public health during this kamagra. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Telehealth services can facilitate public health mitigation strategies during this kamagra by increasing social distancing. These services can be a safer option for [healthcare personnel (HCP)] and patients by reducing potential infectious exposures. They can reduce the strain on healthcare systems by minimizing the surge of patient demand on facilities and reduce the use of [personal protective equipment (PPE)] by healthcare providers.

Maintaining continuity of care to the extent possible can avoid additional negative consequences from delayed preventive, chronic, or routine care. Remote access to healthcare services may increase participation for those who are medically or socially vulnerable or who do not have ready access to providers. Remote access can also help preserve the patient-provider relationship at times when an in-person visit is not practical or feasible. Telehealth services can be used to. Screen patients who may have symptoms of erectile dysfunction treatment and refer as appropriate Provide low-risk urgent care for non-erectile dysfunction treatment conditions, identify those persons who may need additional medical consultation or assessment, and refer as appropriate Access primary care providers and specialists, including mental and behavioral health, for chronic health conditions and medication management Provide coaching and support for patients managing chronic health conditions, including weight management and nutrition counseling Participate in physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other modalities as a hybrid approach to in-person care for optimal health Monitor clinical signs of certain chronic medical conditions (e.g., blood pressure, blood glucose, other remote assessments) Engage in case management for patients who have difficulty accessing care (e.g., those who live in very rural settings, older adults, those with limited mobility) Follow up with patients after hospitalization Deliver advance care planning and counseling to patients and caregivers to document preferences if a life-threatening event or medical crisis occurs Provide non-emergent care to residents in long-term care facilities Provide education and training for HCP through peer-to-peer professional medical consultations (inpatient or outpatient) that are not locally available, particularly in rural areas.[] Similarly, CMS has stressed the importance of telehealth during this kamagra.

Telehealth, telemedicine, and related terms generally refer to the exchange of medical information from one site to another through electronic communication to improve a patient's health. Innovative uses of this kind of technology in the provision of healthcare is increasing. And with the emergence of the kamagra causing the disease erectile dysfunction treatment, there is an urgency to expand the use of technology to help people who need routine care, and keep vulnerable beneficiaries and beneficiaries with mild symptoms in their homes while maintaining access to the care they need. Limiting community spread of the kamagra, as well as limiting the exposure to other patients and staff members will slow viral spread.[] Accordingly, CMS and other HHS components has substantially expanded the scope of services paid under Medicare when furnished using telehealth technologies during this kamagra. Other HHS components have also taken steps to expand the use of telehealth during the kamagra.[] Moreover, to expand the use of telehealth during this kamagra, the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) at HHS is exercising enforcement discretion and will not impose penalties for noncompliance with the regulatory requirements under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Rules against covered healthcare providers that serve patients through everyday communications technologies during the erectile dysfunction treatment nationwide public health emergency.[] This exercise of discretion Start Printed Page 79193applies to widely available communications apps, such as FaceTime or Skype, when used in good faith for any telehealth treatment or diagnostic purpose, regardless of whether the telehealth service is directly related to erectile dysfunction treatment.[] Many states have authorized out-of-state healthcare personnel to deliver telehealth services to in-state patients, either generally or in the context of erectile dysfunction treatment.[] To help maximize the utility of telehealth, the Secretary declares that the term “qualified person” under 42 U.S.C.

247d-6d(i)(8)(B) includes healthcare personnel using telehealth to order or administer Covered Countermeasures for patients in a state other than the state where the healthcare personnel are permitted to practice. When ordering and administering Covered Countermeasures through telehealth to patients in a state where the healthcare personnel are not already permitted to do so, the healthcare personnel must comply with all requirements for ordering and administering Covered Countermeasures to patients through telehealth in the state where the healthcare personnel are licensed or otherwise permitted to practice. Any state law that prohibits or effectively prohibits such a qualified person from ordering and administering Covered Countermeasures through telehealth is preempted.[] Nothing in this Declaration shall preempt state laws that permit additional persons to deliver telehealth services. The Secretary also amends Section V to include several examples of Covered Persons who are Qualified Persons, because they are authorized in accordance with the public health and medical emergency response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction to prescribe, administer, deliver, distribute or dispense the Covered Countermeasures. Those examples include certain pharmacists, pharmacy interns, and pharmacy technicians who order or administer certain erectile dysfunction treatment tests and certain treatments.[] These examples are not an exclusive or exhaustive list of persons who are qualified persons identified by the Secretary in Section V.

The Secretary also amends Section V to make explicit that the requirement in that section for certain qualified persons to have a current certificate in basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation is satisfied by, among other things, a certification in basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation by an online program that has received accreditation from the American Nurses Credentialing Center, the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), or the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education. The Secretary also amends Section V's training requirements for licensed pharmacists to order and administer certain childhood or erectile dysfunction treatments. To order and administer treatments, the licensed pharmacist must have completed the immunization training that the licensing State requires in order for pharmacists to administer treatments. If the State does not specify training requirements for the licensed pharmacist to order and administer treatments, the licensed pharmacist must complete a vaccination training program of at least 20 hours that is approved by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) to order and administer treatments. This training program must include hands-on injection technique, clinical evaluation of indications and contraindications of treatments, and the recognition and treatment of emergency reactions to treatments.

Other than the basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation requirement and the practical training program requirement, this Amendment does not change the requirements for a pharmacist, pharmacy intern, or pharmacy technician to be a “qualified person” under 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(i)(8)(B) who can order or administer childhood or erectile dysfunction treatments pursuant to the Declaration. Section VI. Covered Countermeasures The Secretary amends Section VI to make explicit that Section VI covers all qualified kamagra and epidemic products under the PREP Act.Start Printed Page 79194 Section VII. Limitations on Distribution The Secretary may specify that liability protections are in effect only for Covered Countermeasures obtained through a particular means of distribution.

The Declaration previously stated that liability immunity is afforded to Covered Persons only for Recommended Activities related to (a) present or future federal contracts, cooperative agreements, grants, other transactions, interagency agreements, or memoranda of understanding or other federal agreements. Or (b) activities authorized in accordance with the public health and medical response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction to prescribe, administer, deliver, distribute, or dispense the Covered Countermeasures following a declaration of an emergency. erectile dysfunction treatment is an unprecedented global challenge that requires a whole-of-nation response that utilizes federal-, state-, and local- distribution channels as well as private-distribution channels. Given the broad scale of this kamagra, the Secretary amends the Declaration to extend PREP Act coverage to additional private-distribution channels, as set forth below. The amended Section VII adds that PREP Act liability protections also extend to Covered Persons for Recommended Activities that are related to any Covered Countermeasure that is.

(a) Licensed, approved, cleared, or authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (or that is permitted to be used under an Investigational New Drug Application or an Investigational Device Exemption) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FD&C) Act or Public Health Service (PHS) Act to treat, diagnose, cure, prevent, mitigate or limit the harm from erectile dysfunction treatment, or the transmission of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom. Or (b) a respiratory protective device approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) under 42 CFR part 84, or any successor regulations, that the Secretary determines to be a priority for use during a public health emergency declared under section 319 of the PHS Act to prevent, mitigate, or limit the harm from, erectile dysfunction treatment, or the transmission of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom. To qualify for this third distribution channel (but not necessarily to qualify for the other distribution channels), a Covered Person must manufacture, test, develop, distribute, administer, or use the Covered Countermeasure pursuant to the FDA licensure, approval, clearance, or authorization (or pursuant to an Investigational New Drug Application or Investigational Device Exemption), or the NIOSH approval. This third distribution channel may extend PREP Act coverage when there is no federal agreement or authorization in accordance with the public health and medical response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction to prescribe, administer, deliver, distribute or dispense the Covered Countermeasures following a declaration of an emergency. For example, a manufacturer, distributor, program planner, or qualified person engages in manufacturing, testing, development, distribution, administration, or use of a erectile dysfunction treatment test pursuant to an FDA Emergency Use Authorization for that erectile dysfunction treatment test.

If the Covered Person satisfies all other requirements of the PREP Act and Declaration, there will be PREP Act coverage even if there is no federal agreement to cover those activities and those activities are not part of the authorized activity of an Authority Having Jurisdiction. Section IX. Administration of Covered Countermeasures The Secretary amends Section IX to make explicit that there can be situations where not administering a covered countermeasure to a particular individual can fall within the PREP Act and this Declaration's liability protections. Section XI. Geographic Area The Secretary makes explicit in Section XI that there are substantial federal legal and policy issues, and substantial federal legal and policy interests within the meaning of Grable &.

Sons Metal Products, Inc. V. Darue Eng'g. &. Mf'g., 545 U.S.

308 (2005), in having a unified, whole-of-nation response to the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra among federal, state, local, and private-sector entities. The world is facing an unprecedented global kamagra. To effectively respond, there must be a more consistent pathway for Covered Persons to manufacture, distribute, administer or use Covered Countermeasures across the nation and the world. Thus, there are substantial federal legal and policy issues, and substantial federal legal and policy interests within the meaning of Grable &. Sons Metal Products, Inc.

V. Darue Eng'g. &. Mf'g., 545 U.S. 308 (2005), in having a uniform interpretation of the PREP Act.

Under the PREP Act, the sole exception to the immunity from suit and liability of covered persons is an exclusive Federal cause of action against a Covered Person for death or serious physical injury proximately caused by willful misconduct by such Covered Person. In all other cases, an injured party's exclusive remedy is an administrative remedy under section 319F-4 of the PHS Act. Through the PREP Act, Congress delegated to me the authority to strike the appropriate Federal-state balance with respect to particular Covered Countermeasures through PREP Act declarations. Section XII. Effective Time Period The Secretary amends Section XII to provide that liability protections for all Covered Countermeasures administered and used in accordance with the public health and medical response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction, as identified in Section VII(b) of this Declaration, begins with a “Declaration of Emergency,” as defined in Section VII (except that, with respect to qualified persons who order or administer a routine childhood vaccination that ACIP recommends to persons ages three through 18 according to ACIP's standard immunization schedule, PREP Act coverage began on August 24, 2020), and lasts through (a) the final day the Declaration of Emergency is in effect, or (b) October 1, 2024, whichever occurs first.

This change is to conform the text of the Declaration to the Third Amendment.[] The Secretary also amends Section XII to provide that liability protections for all Covered Countermeasures identified in Section VII(c) of this Declaration begins on the date of this amended Declaration and lasts through (a) the final day the Declaration of Emergency is in effect, or (b) October 1, 2024, whichever occurs first. Because the Secretary is adding Section VII(c) to the Declaration in this Amendment, Section XII provides that Section VII(c) is effective as of the date this amended Declaration is published. Additional Amendments The Secretary also makes other, non-substantive amendments. Declaration, as Amended, for Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act Coverage for Medical Countermeasures Against erectile dysfunction treatment To the extent any term previously in the Declaration, including its amendments, is inconsistent with any provision of this Republished Declaration, the terms of this Republished Declaration are controlling. This Declaration must be construed in accordance with the Advisory Opinions Start Printed Page 79195of the Office of the General Counsel (Advisory Opinions).

I incorporate those Advisory Opinions as part of this Declaration.[] This Declaration is a “requirement” under the PREP Act. I. Determination of Public Health Emergency 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(b)(1) I have determined that the spread of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom and the resulting disease erectile dysfunction treatment constitutes a public health emergency. I further determine that use of any respiratory protective device approved by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84, or any successor regulations, is a priority for use during the public health emergency that I declared on January 31, 2020 under section 319 of the PHS Act for the entire United States to aid in the response of the nation's healthcare community to the erectile dysfunction treatment outbreak.

II. Factors Considered 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(b)(6) I have considered the desirability of encouraging the design, development, clinical testing, or investigation, manufacture, labeling, distribution, formulation, packaging, marketing, promotion, sale, purchase, donation, dispensing, prescribing, administration, licensing, and use of the Covered Countermeasures. III. Recommended Activities 42 U.S.C.

247d-6d(b)(1) I recommend, under the conditions stated in this Declaration, the manufacture, testing, development, distribution, administration, and use of the Covered Countermeasures. IV. Liability Protections 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(a), 247d-6d(b)(1) Liability protections as prescribed in the PREP Act and conditions stated in this Declaration are in effect for the Recommended Activities described in Section III. V.

Covered Persons 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(i)(2), (3), (4), (6), (8)(A) and (B) Covered Persons who are afforded liability protections under this Declaration are “manufacturers,” “distributors,” “program planners,” and “qualified persons,” as those terms are defined in the PREP Act. Their officials, agents, and employees. And the United States. In addition, I have determined that the following additional persons are qualified persons.

(a) Any person authorized in accordance with the public health and medical emergency response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction, as described in Section VII below, to prescribe, administer, deliver, distribute or dispense the Covered Countermeasures, and their officials, agents, employees, contractors and volunteers, following a Declaration of Emergency, as that term is defined in Section VII of this Declaration; [] (b) any person authorized to prescribe, administer, or dispense the Covered Countermeasures or who is otherwise authorized to perform an activity under an Emergency Use Authorization in accordance with Section 564 of the FD&C Act. (c) any person authorized to prescribe, administer, or dispense Covered Countermeasures in accordance with Section 564A of the FD&C Act. (d) a State-licensed pharmacist who orders and administers, and pharmacy interns who administer (if the pharmacy intern acts under the supervision of such pharmacist and the pharmacy intern is licensed or registered by his or her State board of pharmacy), [] (1) treatments that the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends to persons ages three through 18 according to ACIP's standard immunization schedule or (2) FDA-authorized or FDA-licensed erectile dysfunction treatments to persons ages three or older. Such State-licensed pharmacists and the State-licensed or registered interns under their supervision are qualified persons only if the following requirements are met. I.

The treatment must be authorized, approved, or licensed by the FDA. Ii. In the case of a erectile dysfunction treatment, the vaccination must be ordered and administered according to ACIP's erectile dysfunction treatment recommendation(s). Iii. In the case of a childhood treatment, the vaccination must be ordered and administered according to ACIP's standard immunization schedule.

Iv. The licensed pharmacist must have completed the immunization training that the licensing State requires in order for pharmacists to order and administer treatments. If the State does not specify training requirements for the licensed pharmacist to order and administer treatments, the licensed pharmacist must complete a vaccination training program of at least 20 hours that is approved by the Accreditation Start Printed Page 79196Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) to order and administer treatments. Such a training program must include hands-on injection technique, clinical evaluation of indications and contraindications of treatments, and the recognition and treatment of emergency reactions to treatments. V.

The licensed or registered pharmacy intern must complete a practical training program that is approved by the ACPE. This training program must include hands-on injection technique, clinical evaluation of indications and contraindications of treatments, and the recognition and treatment of emergency reactions to treatments. Vi. The licensed pharmacist and licensed or registered pharmacy intern must have a current certificate in basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation; [] vii. The licensed pharmacist must complete a minimum of two hours of ACPE-approved, immunization-related continuing pharmacy education during each State licensing period.

Viii. The licensed pharmacist must comply with recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the jurisdiction in which he or she administers treatments, including informing the patient's primary-care provider when available, submitting the required immunization information to the State or local immunization information system (treatment registry), complying with requirements with respect to reporting adverse events, and complying with requirements whereby the person administering a treatment must review the treatment registry or other vaccination records prior to administering a treatment. And ix. The licensed pharmacist must inform his or her childhood-vaccination patients and the adult caregiver accompanying the child of the importance of a well-child visit with a pediatrician or other licensed primary care provider and refer patients as appropriate. X.

The licensed pharmacist and the licensed or registered pharmacy intern must comply with any applicable requirements (or conditions of use) as set forth in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) erectile dysfunction treatment vaccination provider agreement and any other federal requirements that apply to the administration of erectile dysfunction treatment(s). (e) Healthcare personnel using telehealth to order or administer Covered Countermeasures for patients in a state other than the state where the healthcare personnel are licensed or otherwise permitted to practice. When ordering and administering Covered Countermeasures by means of telehealth to patients in a state where the healthcare personnel are not already permitted to practice, the healthcare personnel must comply with all requirements for ordering and administering Covered Countermeasures to patients by means of telehealth in the state where the healthcare personnel are permitted to practice. Any state law that prohibits or effectively prohibits such a qualified person from ordering and administering Covered Countermeasures by means of telehealth is preempted.[] Nothing in this Declaration shall preempt state laws that permit additional persons to deliver telehealth services. Nothing in this Declaration shall be construed to affect the National treatment Injury Compensation Program, including an injured party's ability to obtain compensation under that program.

Covered Countermeasures that are subject to the National treatment Injury Compensation Program authorized under 42 U.S.C. 300aa-10 et seq. Are covered under this Declaration for the purposes of liability immunity and injury compensation only to the extent that injury compensation is not provided under that Program. All other terms and conditions of the Declaration apply to such Covered Countermeasures. VI.

Covered Countermeasures 42 U.S.C. 247d-6b(c)(1)(B), 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(i)(1) and (7) Covered Countermeasures are. (a) Any antiviral, any drug, any biologic, any diagnostic, any other device, any respiratory protective device, or any treatment manufactured, used, designed, developed, modified, licensed, or procured. I.

To diagnose, mitigate, prevent, treat, or cure erectile dysfunction treatment, or the transmission of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom. Or ii. To limit the harm that erectile dysfunction treatment, or the transmission of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom, might otherwise cause. (b) a product manufactured, used, designed, developed, modified, licensed, or procured to diagnose, mitigate, prevent, treat, or cure a serious or life-threatening disease or condition caused by a product described in paragraph (a) above. (c) a product or technology intended to enhance the use or effect of a product described in paragraph (a) or (b) above.

Or (d) any device used in the administration of any such product, and all components and constituent materials of any such product. To be a Covered Countermeasure under the Declaration, a product must also meet 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(i)(1)'s definition of “Covered Countermeasure.” VII. Limitations on Distribution 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(a)(5) and (b)(2)(E) I have determined that liability protections are afforded to Covered Persons only for Recommended Activities involving.

(a) Covered Countermeasures that are related to present or future federal contracts, cooperative agreements, grants, other transactions, interagency agreements, memoranda of understanding, or other federal agreements. (b) Covered Countermeasures that are related to activities authorized in accordance with the public health and medical response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction to prescribe, administer, deliver, distribute or dispense the Covered Countermeasures following a Declaration of Emergency. Or (c) Covered Countermeasures that are. I. Licensed, approved, cleared, or authorized by the FDA (or that are permitted to be used under an Investigational New Drug Application or an Investigational Device Exemption) under the FD&C Act or PHS Act to treat, diagnose, cure, prevent, mitigate, or limit the harm from erectile dysfunction treatment, or the transmission of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom.

OrStart Printed Page 79197 ii. A respiratory protective device approved by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84, or any successor regulations, that the Secretary determines to be a priority for use during a public health emergency declared under section 319 of the PHS Act to prevent, mitigate, or limit the harm from erectile dysfunction treatment, or the transmission of erectile dysfunction or a kamagra mutating therefrom. To qualify for this third distribution channel, a Covered Person must manufacture, test, develop, distribute, administer, or use the Covered Countermeasure pursuant to the FDA licensure, approval, clearance, or authorization (or pursuant to an Investigational New Drug Application or Investigational Device Exemption), or the NIOSH approval. As used in this Declaration, the terms “Authority Having Jurisdiction” and “Declaration of Emergency” have the following meanings. (a) The Authority Having Jurisdiction means the public agency or its delegate that has legal responsibility and authority for responding to an incident, based on political or geographical (e.g., city, county, tribal, state, or federal boundary lines) or functional (e.g., law enforcement, public health) range or sphere of authority.

(b) A Declaration of Emergency means any declaration by any authorized local, regional, state, or federal official of an emergency specific to events that indicate an immediate need to administer and use the Covered Countermeasures, with the exception of a federal declaration in support of an Emergency Use Authorization under Section 564 of the FD&C Act unless such declaration specifies otherwise. I have also determined that, for governmental program planners only, liability protections are afforded only to the extent such program planners obtain Covered Countermeasures through voluntary means, such as (a) donation. (b) commercial sale. (c) deployment of Covered Countermeasures from federal stockpiles. Or (d) deployment of donated, purchased, or otherwise voluntarily obtained Covered Countermeasures from state, local, or private stockpiles.

VIII. Category of Disease, Health Condition, or Threat 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(b)(2)(A) The category of disease, health condition, or threat for which I recommend the administration or use of the Covered Countermeasures is not only erectile dysfunction treatment caused by erectile dysfunction, or a kamagra mutating therefrom, but also other diseases, health conditions, or threats that may have been caused by erectile dysfunction treatment, erectile dysfunction, or a kamagra mutating therefrom, including the decrease in the rate of childhood immunizations, which will lead to an increase in the rate of infectious diseases. IX. Administration of Covered Countermeasures 42 U.S.C.

247d-6d(a)(2)(B) Administration of the Covered Countermeasure means physical provision of the countermeasures to recipients, or activities and decisions directly relating to public and private delivery, distribution and dispensing of the countermeasures to recipients, management and operation of countermeasure programs, or management and operation of locations for the purpose of distributing and dispensing countermeasures. Where there are limited Covered Countermeasures, not administering a Covered Countermeasure to one individual in order to administer it to another individual can constitute “relating to. . . The administration to.

. . An individual” under 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d. For example, consider a situation where there is only one dose [] of a erectile dysfunction treatment, and a person in a vulnerable population and a person in a less vulnerable population both request it from a healthcare professional.

In that situation, the healthcare professional administers the one dose to the person who is more vulnerable to erectile dysfunction treatment. In that circumstance, the failure to administer the erectile dysfunction treatment to the person in a less-vulnerable population “relat[es] to. . . The administration to” the person in a vulnerable population.

The person in the vulnerable population was able to receive the treatment only because it was not administered to the person in the less-vulnerable population. Prioritization or purposeful allocation of a Covered Countermeasure, particularly if done in accordance with a public health authority's directive, can fall within the PREP Act and this Declaration's liability protections. X. Population 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(a)(4), 247d-6d(b)(2)(C) The populations of individuals to whom the liability protections of this Declaration extend include any individual who uses or is administered the Covered Countermeasures in accordance with this Declaration.

Liability protections are afforded to manufacturers and distributors without regard to whether the countermeasure is used by or administered to this population. Liability protections are afforded to program planners and qualified persons when the countermeasure is used by or administered to this population, or the program planner or qualified person reasonably could have believed the recipient was in this population. XI. Geographic Area 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(a)(4), 247d-6d(b)(2)(D) Liability protections are afforded for the administration or use of a Covered Countermeasure without geographic limitation.

Liability protections are afforded to manufacturers and distributors without regard to whether the Covered Countermeasure is used by or administered in any designated geographic area. Liability protections are afforded to program planners and qualified persons when the countermeasure is used by or administered in any designated geographic area, or the program planner or qualified person reasonably could have believed the recipient was in that geographic area. erectile dysfunction treatment is a global challenge that requires a whole-of-nation response. There are substantial federal legal and policy issues, and substantial federal legal and policy interests within the meaning of Grable &. Sons Metal Products, Inc.

V. Darue Eng'g. &. Mf'g., 545 U.S. 308 (2005), in having a unified, whole-of-nation response to the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra among federal, state, local, and private-sector entities.

The world is facing an unprecedented kamagra. To effectively respond, there must be a more consistent pathway for Covered Persons to manufacture, distribute, administer or use Covered Countermeasures across the nation and the world. Thus, there are substantial federal legal and policy issues, and substantial federal legal and policy interests within the meaning of Grable &. Sons Metal Products, Inc. V.

Darue Eng'g. &. Mf'g., 545 U.S. 308 (2005), in having a uniform interpretation of the PREP Act. Under the PREP Act, the sole exception to the immunity from suit and liability of covered persons under the PREP Act is an exclusive Federal cause of action against a covered person for death or serious physical injury proximately caused by willful misconduct by such covered person.

In all other cases, an injured party's exclusive remedy is an administrative Start Printed Page 79198remedy under section 319F-4 of the PHS Act. Through the PREP Act, Congress delegated to me the authority to strike the appropriate Federal-state balance with respect to particular Covered Countermeasures through PREP Act declarations.[] XII. Effective Time Period 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(b)(2)(B) Liability protections for any respiratory protective device approved by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84, or any successor regulations, through the means of distribution identified in Section VII(a) of this Declaration, begin on March 27, 2020 and extend through October 1, 2024. Liability protections for all other Covered Countermeasures identified in Section VI of this Declaration, through means of distribution identified in Section VII(a) of this Declaration, begin on February 4, 2020 and extend through October 1, 2024.

Liability protections for all Covered Countermeasures administered and used in accordance with the public health and medical response of the Authority Having Jurisdiction, as identified in Section VII(b) of this Declaration, begin with a Declaration of Emergency as that term is defined in Section VII (except that, with respect to qualified persons who order or administer a routine childhood vaccination that ACIP recommends to persons ages three through 18 according to ACIP's standard immunization schedule, liability protections began on August 24, 2020), and last through (a) the final day the Declaration of Emergency is in effect, or (b) October 1, 2024, whichever occurs first. Liability protections for all Covered Countermeasures identified in Section VII(c) of this Declaration begin on the date of this amended Declaration and last through (a) the final day the Declaration of Emergency is in effect, or (b) October 1, 2024, whichever occurs first. XIII. Additional Time Period of Coverage 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(b)(3)(B) and (C) I have determined that an additional 12 months of liability protection is reasonable to allow for the manufacturer(s) to arrange for disposition of the Covered Countermeasure, including return of the Covered Countermeasures to the manufacturer, and for Covered Persons to take such other actions as are appropriate to limit the administration or use of the Covered Countermeasures.

Covered Countermeasures obtained for the SNS during the effective period of this Declaration are covered through the date of administration or use pursuant to a distribution or release from the SNS. XIV. Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program 42 U.S.C 247d-6e The PREP Act authorizes the Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program (CICP) to provide benefits to certain individuals or estates of individuals who sustain a covered serious physical injury as the direct result of the administration or use of the Covered Countermeasures, and benefits to certain survivors of individuals who die as a direct result of the administration or use of the Covered Countermeasures. The causal connection between the countermeasure and the serious physical injury must be supported by compelling, reliable, valid, medical and scientific evidence in order for the individual to be considered for compensation. The CICP is administered by the Health Resources and Services Administration, within the Department of Health and Human Services.

Information about the CICP is available at the toll-free number 1-855-266-2427 or http://www.hrsa.gov/​cicp/​. XV. Amendments 42 U.S.C. 247d-6d(b)(4) Amendments to this Declaration will be published in the Federal Register, as warranted. Start Authority 42 U.S.C.

247d-6d. End Authority Start Signature Dated. December 3, 2020. Alex M. Azar II, Secretary of Health and Human Services.

End Signature End Supplemental Information [FR Doc. 2020-26977 Filed 12-8-20. 8:45 am]BILLING CODE 4150-37-PSign up for our newsletter When it comes to administering erectile dysfunction treatment to frontline healthcare workers and long-term-care facility residents, a small county on the Canadian border in eastern Washington may have an advantage. Earlier this year, the Ferry County Health system, with headquarters in Republic, Washington, constructed two outbuildings for erectile dysfunction treatment testing and vaccinations. Then they purchased specialized freezers that can reach temperatures as low as minus 94 degrees Fahrenheit – the storage temperature for one of the treatments on track for federal approval.

Ferry County Health’s specialized freezer that can safely store erectile dysfunction treatments. (Source. Ferry County Regional Hospital System) “We were one of the rare ones who got that freezer,” said Aaron Edwards, CEO of Ferry County Health. €œWe were watching the media about who looked like they were going to come through with the treatment and made an educated guess that it would be Pfizer, so we went ahead and ordered one. €¦ Being this remote, we thought we had to have one.” Ferry County is about 120 miles northwest of Spokane and contains large swaths of Colville National Forest and the Colville Indian Reservation.

It has a population of about 7,600. Along winding roads that snake up and down mountains, getting treatments couriered to the hospital didn’t seem practical, Edwards said. And the area’s one airlanding strip is closed for the season. Ensuring that the facility can store the treatments is key to keeping the community safe, he said. But that decision puts Ferry County Health in a much better position than most rural hospitals.

In November, Claire Hannan, executive director of nonprofit organization the Association of Immunization Managers, told Reuters that about a third of the states had purchased the ultra-cold freezers needed to store the kamagra. Companies that produce the freezers are now saying there could be months’ long backlogs to get freezers to those who want them. Ferry County, Washington. (By David Benbennick, Source. Wikipedia) Storing the treatment is one of a few challenges rural hospitals face when it comes to getting and distributing the treatments.

Earlier this week, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, a group that advises the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) voted 13 to 1 to make healthcare workers and residents in long-term care facilities the first group of Americans to receive the vaccination for erectile dysfunction treatment. In a presentation on the subject, Dr. Sarah Oliver said there were an estimated 21 million healthcare workers and 3 million residents in long-term care facilities across the country. She also said the U.S. Government has contracted with Pfizer and Moderna to receive about 40 million doses of the treatments – enough for between 15 and 20 million people because the treatment requires two shots between three and four weeks apart – by the end of the year.

Starting in January 2021, the CDC anticipates the treatments will come in at a rate of about 5 to 10 million doses per week. The U.S. Department of Transportation announced this week that it is working with Operation Warp Speed, the Trump administration’s commission on the kamagra, to ensure that all “necessary regulatory measures have been taken for the safe, rapid transportation of the erectile dysfunction disease 2019 (erectile dysfunction treatment) treatment by land and air.” Like this story?. Sign up for our newsletter. Reports indicate that the treatment will be distributed to states based on their populations, and rural health advocates wonder if that will harm some rural hospitals.

€œIf the treatment is distributed by population, less populated — and more rural — states will get fewer doses of the treatment initially,” said Carrie Henning-Smith, an associate professor in Health Policy and Management at the University of Minnesota School of Public Health and the deputy director of the University of Minnesota Rural Health Research Center. €œOnce the treatments are divided by states, however, many of the specific distribution plans will vary by state, and rural facilities may face a disadvantage relative to larger facilities in more populous cities within their states,” she said. If the distribution plan is based solely on population size, rural areas with higher-than-average rates may not get enough treatment to meet their needs, she said. Edwards said he’s been assured that his hospital will receive the treatments, mostly because he has the freezers. To administer the treatment, according to policy in Washington state, a healthcare facility must have the ultra-cold storage facilities that have been validated, Edward said.

Ferry County Health’s small size could work to the community’s advantage. The smallest unit of delivery for the treatment is about 900 doses, he said, enough for 450 people. FCRH has 134 people on staff. It also has nine patients in long-term-care and 15 in assisted living in an attached facility. The state may have him use those extra doses on front-line workers like EMS personnel, firefighters and law enforcement, he said.

Or the state may have him re-package what he doesn’t use and send it to another healthcare facility. Hospitals and state health department officials in Washington are conducting weekly calls about the vaccination plan, but there are still questions, such as how the state will deliver the treatments. €œThey have not communicated the way they’re going to get them to us,” Edward said. €œWe think it’s going through UPS, but we’re not sure. If I’ve got to drive down there in my little gray Tundra to get it, then I guess that’s what I’m going to do.” During its hearing this week, members of the federal immunization advisory committee also suggested that hospitals and healthcare facilities not vaccinate an entire unit at once.

Because some people who get the treatment have experienced symptoms of the disease, having staff members out due to sickness would put increased pressure on those remaining. It could be worse in rural hospitals, Henning-Smith said. €œThis could present a complicated issue for small rural facilities already facing workforce shortages,” she said. €œIf there are limited providers within a facility, any additional staffing shortages caused by potential side effects could compromise access to care for patients and put added strain on providers.” That doesn’t mean healthcare workers shouldn’t get vaccinated, she said. €œBut in smaller facilities without a deep bench of staff, creativity and collaboration will be needed to address any staffing shortages that arise during this period.” Edwards said differing work schedules and the natural timing of vaccination schedules should be enough to prevent staff shortages.

But getting that treatment is crucial, he said. He said he is especially concerned about patients in the hospital’s long-term care facility. Support Our Rural Reporting For the rest of 2020, you have a special opportunity to double your contribution to the Daily Yonder. Your gift will be matched dollar for dollar by NewsMatch, a nonprofit news funding program. “I do know it’s a matter of time before the weasel gets into the henhouse,” he said.

€œI’m very concerned about our long-term care patients and I want to make sure we protect them. I can’t expect my staff to keep batting a thousand. It’s going to get in. It’s just a matter of time.” You Might Also Like.

What side effects may I notice from Kamagra?

Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:

• allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
• breathing problems
• changes in hearing
• changes in vision, blurred vision, trouble telling blue from green color
• chest pain
• fast, irregular heartbeat
• men: prolonged or painful erection (lasting more than 4 hours)
• seizures

Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):

• diarrhea
• flushing
• headache
• indigestion
• stuffy or runny nose

This list may not describe all possible side effects.

Kamagra reviews does work

IntroductionPeople live busy complex lives where most decisions kamagra reviews does work need to be http://www.em-louis-pasteur-strasbourg.ac-strasbourg.fr/wp/?page_id=114 made quickly. As a consequence, people tend to prefer simple rather than expanded choice sets, easy alternatives that kamagra reviews does work require no complex tradeoffs and benign options that avoid major moral quandaries. Choice architecture is defined formally as the behavioural science examining how the layout, sequencing and range of available options can influence decisions.

The Google search engine, for kamagra reviews does work example, is a familiar illustration of refined choice architecture where its spartan user interface tries to avoid overloading individuals, provoking deep thought or maximising information. The core assumption is that people want to feel gently guided and not overwhelmed. The intriguing insight is that many unrecognised features of choice architecture can influence decisions.In this issue of the journal, Hart et al explore physicians’ knowledge of choice architecture in medical care.1 The investigators focus on eight kamagra reviews does work principles related to decision science including how first impressions are weighted heavily, defaults matter, people are risk averse toward gains, multiple options increase status quo bias and social norms have abounding influence.

The main finding is that over one-third of basic questions on these kamagra reviews does work principles were answered incorrectly by medical residents. An important added finding is that the majority of medical residents endorsed the relevance of choice architecture for clinical practice. Together, this careful and thorough study identifies a shortfall in physicians’ understanding of decision science and an opportunity for improving medical education kamagra reviews does work beyond correcting errors in diagnostic reasoning.The study by Hart et al joins a larger body of basic science examining how choice architecture can be important and readily modified outside of medicine.

A classic example is retirement savings plans where changing the default to automatic enrolment can lead to a large increase in retirement savings plan participation rates (49% vs 86%, p<0.001).2 3 Another example involves providing a prefilled application to underprivileged high school students can lead to an increase in college enrolment (34% vs 42%, p<0.05).4 One recent review suggests changes in choice architecture can also be more cost-effective than traditional policy interventions in social domains.5 The main limitation of choice architecture is that this scientific paradigm is not a falsifiable idea since any failure might be blamed on poor implementation.6A limitation of the study by Hart et al is the analysis only explored a subset of important choice architecture tactics that could make clinicians more effective (table 1). Interventions based on optimising salience, appealing to social norms and kamagra reviews does work preserving ego may be distinctly relevant given a physician’s personal knowledge of the patient. Gradual persuasion could also have substantial potential since clinical practice involves following the same patient over time, thereby allowing future choices to be primed and also steered by past choices.

In contrast, selecting the right messenger, providing incentives, enhancing attractiveness and kamagra reviews does work switching defaults are interventions typically beyond a clinician’s control.7 These tactics (the bricks-and-mortar for modifying choice architecture) are not exhaustive and Hart et al have tested only a subset.View this table:Table 1 MINDSPACE approach to pragmatic tactics in choice architecture*Modifications in choice architecture differ from quality improvement initiatives that remove options from clinicians. Automatic stop dates for antibiotics, policies for discontinuing Foley catheters, reductions in drug formularies and many other successful examples of quality improvement work mostly by eliminating options deemed inappropriate.8–11 Conversely, initiatives such as adding a surgical checklist or other quality interventions that increase clinician workload tend to be less reliable.12 13 Changes in choice architecture neither subtract nor add kamagra reviews does work a distinct burden onto clinicians. Instead, their goal is to guide choice without a constraining function (eg, spell-checking software that offers corrections when writing a medical note).

This means changes in choice architecture require less institutional clout and create less kamagra reviews does work stakeholder backlash.Many other elements of choice architecture coincide with standard quality improvement. This includes emphasising the value of giving feedback (eg, see-through drip chambers to show intravenous infusion rates), anticipating error (eg, automatic double checks before initiating blood product infusions) and clear process mappings (eg, cardiopulmonary resuscitation algorithms for following resuscitation guidelines). Choice architecture sometimes kamagra reviews does work highlights the disproportionate effect of small salient positive incentives (eg, a slice of pizza offered to a hungry medical student).

Choice architecture also strongly emphasises the importance of defaults (eg, distinguishing opt-in from opt-out organ donation programmes) and structured choices (eg, organised order sets for inpatients admitted for heart failure). Good choice architecture rarely conflicts with good quality improvement.14A recent advance in choice architecture involves clean-up campaigns against sludge, defined as barriers that discourage people from doing the right thing.15 A clear example of sludge arises in corporations that make it easy to enrol in a subscription service and difficult to cancel the kamagra reviews does work subscription later. The typical kamagra reviews does work features of sludge are awkward obstacles that burden the customer.

The thoughtful identification and elimination of sludge can be a remarkably effective way to advance decisions and prosocial behaviour by changing the choice environment (eg, automated telephone answering systems for patients to refill prescriptions). Of course, sometimes sludge is not an unintentional remnant structure that can be readily modified but a deliberate commercial tactic to stop people acting in their own best interests.An important debate around choice architecture involves preserving patient autonomy, kamagra reviews does work avoiding coercion and allowing freedom. At one extreme, a choice architect might become tantamount to a paternalistic authority infringing on patient liberty or acting maliciously.16 At the other extreme, a choice architect may be relegated to a subordinate position, constrained to featherweight interventions and limited to offering trivial changes to patient health.17 Each society will have its own values when determining the correct balance between freedom and safety, thereby implying that changes in choice architecture may be more acceptable in some regions than others.

Inevitably, this leads to inconsistent clinical implementation of choice architecture despite medical science being portrayed as universal regardless of situation.The future is likely to provide more opportunities for improved choice architecture that contribute to quality improvement and patient kamagra reviews does work safety in medicine. One framework for conceiving such opportunities is the FEAST mnemonic adapted from the Behavioural Insights Team in the UK (table 2).18 The elements are Fun (motivate all stakeholders), Easy (reduce hassle factors), Attractive (design to attract attention), Social (encourage people to commit to others) and Timely (prompt people when they are likely most receptive). These concepts kamagra reviews does work (the vision and blueprint of choice architecture) are now at the frontier for patient safety and quality improvement science.

Some of these concepts have been implicitly understood in commercial industries for decades.19 The study by Hart et al suggests clinicians are hungry for this FEAST.View this table:Table 2 FEAST approach to design theory for choice architecture*erectile dysfunction treatment and police brutality have simultaneously heightened public awareness of disparities in health outcomes by race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status, and the underlying structural drivers of systemic racism and social privilege in the USA.1 2 Increasingly major professional associations such as the American Medical Association, American Hospital Association, and Association of American Medical Colleges are decrying racism and inequities, and many individual healthcare organisations are kamagra reviews does work committing to addressing health disparities. Hospitals, clinics and health plans are looking inwards to identify organisational biases and discrimination, and developing outward interventions to advance health equity for their patients. Looking in the mirror kamagra reviews does work honestly takes courage.

Frequently the discoveries and self-insights are troubling.3 At their best, discussions about racism and inequities are challenging.4 Within the quality of care field, disparities in patient safety are relatively understudied.5 6 Thus, Schulson et al’s study in this issue of BMJ Quality and Safety, finding that voluntary incident reporting systems may underdetect safety issues in marginalised populations, is an important sentinel event.7 Implicit bias in providers and structural bias in safety reporting systems might explain this underdetection of problems.In this editorial, I summarise the practical lessons for advancing health equity sustainably, with the hope of accelerating equity in patient safety. I present a framework for advancing health equity, describe common pitfalls and apply the framework kamagra reviews does work to patient safety to inform research and policy recommendations. The wider health disparities field has been criticised for spending too many years describing the phenomenon of inequities before emphasising interventions and solutions.

The patient safety field should move faster, incorporating major advances that have occurred regarding how to reduce health disparities.8 9 While equity issues in patient safety have been understudied, the principles for successfully advancing health equity align well with the culture and toolkit kamagra reviews does work of the safety field.10 Thus, achieving equitable patient safety is a realistic and important opportunity.My lessons are from the ‘school of hard knocks’. Over 25 years of performing multilevel health disparities research and interventions locally,11 nationally9 12 13 and internationally.14 I have been fortunate to work with many passionate, inspirational staff and leaders from healthcare and the community who have demonstrated that advancing health equity is not a mirage—it can be done.A framework for advancing health equityThe WHO defines health kamagra reviews does work equity as ‘the absence of unfair and avoidable or remediable differences in health among population groups defined socially, economically, demographically or geographically’.15 To achieve health equity, people should receive the care they need, not necessarily the exact same care.16I summarise a framework for advancing health equity (figure 1). In brief, individuals and organisations must commit to the mission of maximising the health of diverse individuals and populations.

Their actions, policies and procedures must kamagra reviews does work intentionally advance health equity. This intentional design to advance health equity consists of two simultaneous tracks. (1) Create a culture of equity in which the whole organisation—senior leadership, mid-level kamagra reviews does work management, front-line staff and clinicians—truly values and buys in to the mission of advancing health equity.17 Developing a culture of equity requires an inward personal look for biases as well as examination for systematic structures within the organisation that bias against and oppress marginalised groups.

(2) Implement the Road Map to Reduce Disparities.9 18 Road map principles are the tenets of good quality improvement, emphasising an equity lens that tailors care to meet the needs of diverse patients rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. Key steps of the road map kamagra reviews does work are to. Identify disparities with stratified clinical performance data and input of clinicians, staff and patients kamagra reviews does work.

Do a root cause analysis of the drivers of the disparities. And design kamagra reviews does work and implement care interventions that address the root causes in collaboration with the affected patients and populations. These actions will ultimately improve individual and population health and improve health and healthcare equity.Framework for Advancing Health Equity.9 18 " data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 1 Framework for Advancing Health Equity.9 18Creating a culture of equity and implementing the concrete actions of the road map are equally important for change.

Management consultant Peter kamagra reviews does work Drucker’s famous aphorism that ‘Culture eats strategy for breakfast’ applies to equity work. Technically sound disparity interventions and strategies will not be implemented or sustained unless equity is an organisational priority among all workers. Similarly, well-meaning kamagra reviews does work intentions will not take an organisation far unless accompanied by concrete actions.

The key bridge between a culture of equity and road map principles is that every worker in the organisation, from the chief executive officer to front-line staff, must know how to practically kamagra reviews does work operationalise advancing health equity in their daily jobs. Successful application of these lessons is in part interacting effectively with diverse persons, as classically taught in cultural humility classes.19 However, operationalisation goes beyond interpersonal relations to each worker knowing how they should perform their daily jobs with an equity lens and reform the structures in which they work, regardless of whether they are working in clinical care, data analytics, quality improvement, strategic operations, finances, patient experience, environmental services, health information technology or human resources. Leadership needs to provide front-line staff with kamagra reviews does work the training and support necessary for success.

The wider environment requires payment reform that supports and incentivises care transformation that advances health equity.20–22 Partnerships across health and social sectors need to align goals and efforts to address the medical and social drivers of health, both drivers for individual persons as well as the underlying systematic structural drivers.23Common pitfalls(1) Not being intentional about advancing health equity. Relying on magical thinking kamagra reviews does work. When I ask healthcare kamagra reviews does work leaders what they are doing to advance health equity, I frequently hear well-meaning statements such as.

€˜We’re already doing quality improvement.’ ‘We’re a safety-net organization that cares for the most vulnerable persons. It’s who we are.’ ‘The shift from fee-for-service payment to value-based payment and alternative payment models will fix things.’ Such statements are variants of the ‘rising tide lifts all boats’ philosophy and the belief that kamagra reviews does work the ‘invisible hand’, whether it be general free market principles, a general system of quality improvement and patient safety, or general commitment to serving marginalised populations, will suffice in reducing health disparities. Yet, disparities stubbornly persist in quality of care and outcomes by race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status.24Culturally tailored care interventions that address the underlying causes of disparities often work better than default one-size-fits-all approaches.25 However, the ‘invisible hand’ incentives in general quality improvement and pay-for-performance approaches are frequently too weak to drive organisations to tailor approaches to advance health equity,13 and can even be counterproductive.

Rather than implement individualised, kamagra reviews does work tailored care that can improve outcomes for diverse minority populations, some organisations perceive that it is easier to improve their aggregate patient outcomes or clinical performance per dollars spent by investing resources in the general system of care, or by intentionally or unintentionally erecting barriers that make it harder for marginalised populations to access their system of care. For example, persons living in zip code areas that have higher percentages of African Americans or persons living in poverty have less access to physicians practising in accountable care organisations.26 27 Moreover, inadequately designed incentive systems can penalise safety-net hospitals that care for marginalised populations, leading to a downward spiral in quality of care and outcomes. The initial iteration of Medicare’s Hospital Readmissions Reduction kamagra reviews does work Program (HRRP) reduced Medicare payments to safety-net hospitals by 1%–3% and increased readmission rates for black patients in these hospitals.28 Directed by legislation passed by Congress, the Medicare programme intentionally addressed this equity problem in the HRRP in 2019 by stratifying hospitals by proportion of patients dually enrolled in Medicare and Medicaid, so that a given hospital’s clinical performance would be compared with that of hospitals with a similar prevalence of poverty when calculating financial rewards and penalties.29(2) Focusing exclusively on cultural humility or implicit bias training and avoiding looking for systemic, structural drivers of inequities.

Many organisations institute cultural humility or implicit bias training as their equity kamagra reviews does work intervention.19 While an important and essential component of creating a culture of equity, such training must be accompanied by hard examination for structural processes that lead to inequities. For example, in a project designed to decrease hospital length of stay, the University of Chicago Medicine data analytics group discovered that the process the organisation had proposed for developing and using machine learning predictive algorithms to identify patients for intervention would have systematically shifted resources away from African Americans to more affluent white patients.30 31 This inequitable process was caught before implementation, and now the data analytics group is proactively building analytical processes to advance health equity.(3) Insufficiently engaging patients and community. Too often perfunctory or no efforts are made to meaningfully engage patients and kamagra reviews does work community in quality improvement and patient safety efforts.

Patients and families frequently feel they have not been heard and that their experiences and preferences are not adequately valued.32 33 A common mistake is using proxies for the community rather than the actual community. One organisation we worked with sought advice from Latinx (gender-neutral, non-binary term to indicate of Latin American descent) healthcare workers to design an intervention to reduce disparities in the outcomes of their Latinx patients with depression, rather than speaking with actual patients kamagra reviews does work. The organisation designed a telephone intervention that failed, partly because their patients frequently had pay-by-the-minute cellphone plans rather than unlimited minute cellphone plans that were probably more commonly used by the Latinx employees.

Few patients agreed to enrol in the intervention because of cost.(4) Marginalising equity kamagra reviews does work efforts rather than involving the whole organisation. Frequently healthcare organisations will do an isolated care demonstration project to reduce disparities or appoint a siloed chief equity officer rather than mobilising kamagra reviews does work the whole organisation to advance health equity. It helps having health equity leaders with dedicated resources to catalyse reform, but meaningful sustainable change only occurs when everyone makes it their job to improve health equity.

Most organisations kamagra reviews does work do not engage in substantive discussions with payers regarding how to support and incentivise disparities reduction, nor consider how cross-sector partnerships can be organised in effective and financially sustainable ways.(5) Requiring a linear, stepwise process for reducing disparities and allowing the ‘perfect to be the enemy of the good’. For example, some organisations get stuck collecting race/ethnicity/language data so they can stratify their clinical performance measures by these factors. Such stratified data are valuable but it can be time kamagra reviews does work consuming to establish the initial data collection systems.

While those efforts are ongoing, other projects could occur. These additional projects kamagra reviews does work could include creating a culture of equity, and identifying disparity problems based on clinician, staff and patient input, and then designing and implementing interventions to mitigate them.34Recommendations for the patient safety field to advance health equityI offer several recommendations to inform research, policy and practical action.(1) Broaden collaborators to include experts on racism, intersectionality and systems of oppression.3 4 35 A great strength of the patient safety field is its interdisciplinary team approach. However, it is difficult for even the most well-meaning people kamagra reviews does work to understand what they have not experienced.

A recent powerful formative experience for me was living in Aotearoa/New Zealand for several months and writing a paper with diverse international colleagues comparing what Aotearoa/New Zealand and the USA were doing to advance health equity.14 After dozens of frank conversations with my Maori coauthors, I began to understand in depth the devastating nature of colonialism, and the overt and insidious ways power structures can oppress marginalised populations. Increasing the kamagra reviews does work diversity of lived experiences and expertise on patient safety teams is critical, and requires a hard look for systemic biases in hiring practices and procedures.(2) Examine safety criteria and systems for bias. Design and implement equitable systems for identifying, measuring and eliminating safety problems.

Patient safety is an inherently complex field that will require explicit and implicit criteria to capture and monitor problems.36 37 Schulson et al’s paper highlights how voluntary reporting systems can introduce bias.7 In practice, automatic and voluntary reporting systems kamagra reviews does work have different strengths and weaknesses that will require careful integration to maximise the chance that equitable safety outcomes will be attained. Automated measures are explicit review measures that are objective but can be relatively crude and limited for capturing safety issues. In general, voluntary measures are implicit review measures that are subject to a variety of personal and judgement biases but kamagra reviews does work which are more comprehensive and potentially richer.

Given that individual discretion is used in voluntary reporting, reports could be grouped into different categories kamagra reviews does work based on degree of legitimate discretion. Such categorisation could help identify whether variation across different patient groups in rates of reported safety defects occurs primarily among criteria with legitimate discretion versus ones where variation likely reflects implicit bias. Diverse workers and patients should be empowered to help create kamagra reviews does work and implement the safety systems and report potential safety problems.33(3) View failures in treatment plans due to social determinants of health as safety issues.

A treatment plan that is likely to fail because of social challenges is a safety problem. Discharging a patient from the hospital when kamagra reviews does work they are medically stable but likely to have poor outcomes because of homelessness is a safety problem. If the purpose of healthcare is to maximise health, then healthcare organisations must collaborate with community partners to address medical and social issues.38(4) Develop validated patient safety equity performance measures.

What is measured and rewarded influences what is done.39 40 Safety equity measures could include general safety measures stratified by social factors such as race/ethnicity, population health metrics incorporating the impact of medical and social interventions,41 and structural and process measures such as procedures that incorporate marginalised populations in the safety review process or use safety checklists with explicit consideration of equity at key junctures.30 42(5) Use a kamagra reviews does work full implementation science framework to maximise the chance of effective scale-up and spread of patient safety interventions that advance health equity. Patient safety work has the strength of being an integral valued part of healthcare organisations’ operations kamagra reviews does work. Thus, patient safety leaders, researchers and implementers frequently have a seat at the table when strategic planning is occurring regarding institutional priorities, system reform, financing and relations with external stakeholders such as payers.

A strength of the patient safety field has been its ability to understand and shape culture, and its awareness of how inner and outer contexts affect systems change.43 These perspectives need to be intentionally viewed through an equity lens to reduce disparities.44 45 For example, American organisations need to honestly ask themselves to what extent they will advocate for payment policies that incentivise maximising population health and equitable patient safety rather than current payment systems that support kamagra reviews does work too much low value care.38 46(6) Ride and nurture the moral wave for equity in patient safety. Intrinsic motivation is the most powerful driver of behaviour.47 People want to do the right thing, and they will do so if supported and provided the training and tools for success.48 Seize the opportunity presented by the heightened public readiness for addressing racism and inequities. Keep the momentum going kamagra reviews does work.

Now is the time for us to make strong, bold choices.49 We can make a difference and advance health equity, providing hope and the opportunity for a healthy life to all.50.

IntroductionPeople live busy complex lives where most decisions need kamagra tablets for sale uk where can i buy kamagra online to be made quickly. As a consequence, people tend to prefer simple rather than kamagra tablets for sale uk expanded choice sets, easy alternatives that require no complex tradeoffs and benign options that avoid major moral quandaries. Choice architecture is defined formally as the behavioural science examining how the layout, sequencing and range of available options can influence decisions. The Google search engine, for example, kamagra tablets for sale uk is a familiar illustration of refined choice architecture where its spartan user interface tries to avoid overloading individuals, provoking deep thought or maximising information. The core assumption is that people want to feel gently guided and not overwhelmed.

The intriguing insight is that many unrecognised features of choice architecture can influence decisions.In this issue of the journal, Hart et al explore physicians’ knowledge of choice architecture in medical care.1 The investigators focus on eight principles related to decision science including how first impressions are weighted heavily, defaults matter, people are risk averse toward gains, multiple options increase status kamagra tablets for sale uk quo bias and social norms have abounding influence. The main finding is that over one-third of basic questions on these principles were answered incorrectly kamagra tablets for sale uk by medical residents. An important added finding is that the majority of medical residents endorsed the relevance of choice architecture for clinical practice. Together, this careful and thorough study identifies a shortfall in physicians’ understanding of decision science and an opportunity for improving medical education beyond correcting errors in diagnostic reasoning.The study by Hart et al joins a larger body of basic science examining how choice architecture can be important and readily modified outside of kamagra tablets for sale uk medicine. A classic example is retirement savings plans where changing the default to automatic enrolment can lead to a large increase in retirement savings plan participation rates (49% vs 86%, p<0.001).2 3 Another example involves providing a prefilled application to underprivileged high school students can lead to an increase in college enrolment (34% vs 42%, p<0.05).4 One recent review suggests changes in choice architecture can also be more cost-effective than traditional policy interventions in social domains.5 The main limitation of choice architecture is that this scientific paradigm is not a falsifiable idea since any failure might be blamed on poor implementation.6A limitation of the study by Hart et al is the analysis only explored a subset of important choice architecture tactics that could make clinicians more effective (table 1).

Interventions based on optimising salience, appealing to social norms and preserving ego may be distinctly relevant given a physician’s personal knowledge of the kamagra tablets for sale uk patient. Gradual persuasion could also have substantial potential since clinical practice involves following the same patient over time, thereby allowing future choices to be primed and also steered by past choices. In contrast, selecting the right messenger, providing incentives, enhancing attractiveness and switching defaults are interventions typically beyond a clinician’s control.7 These tactics (the bricks-and-mortar for modifying choice architecture) are not exhaustive and Hart et al have tested only a subset.View this table:Table 1 MINDSPACE kamagra tablets for sale uk approach to pragmatic tactics in choice architecture*Modifications in choice architecture differ from quality improvement initiatives that remove options from clinicians. Automatic stop dates for antibiotics, policies for discontinuing Foley catheters, reductions in drug formularies and many other successful examples of quality improvement work mostly by eliminating options deemed inappropriate.8–11 Conversely, initiatives such as adding a surgical checklist kamagra tablets for sale uk or other quality interventions that increase clinician workload tend to be less reliable.12 13 Changes in choice architecture neither subtract nor add a distinct burden onto clinicians. Instead, their goal is to guide choice without a constraining function (eg, spell-checking software that offers corrections when writing a medical note).

This means changes in choice kamagra tablets for sale uk architecture require less institutional clout and create less stakeholder backlash.Many other elements of choice architecture coincide with standard quality improvement. This includes emphasising the value of giving feedback (eg, see-through drip chambers to show intravenous infusion rates), anticipating error (eg, automatic double checks before initiating blood product infusions) and clear process mappings (eg, cardiopulmonary resuscitation algorithms for following resuscitation guidelines). Choice architecture sometimes highlights the disproportionate kamagra tablets for sale uk effect of small salient positive incentives (eg, a slice of pizza offered to a hungry medical student). Choice architecture also strongly emphasises the importance of defaults (eg, distinguishing opt-in from opt-out organ donation programmes) and structured choices (eg, organised order sets for inpatients admitted for heart failure). Good choice architecture rarely conflicts with good quality improvement.14A recent advance in choice architecture involves clean-up campaigns against sludge, defined as barriers that discourage people from doing the right thing.15 A kamagra tablets for sale uk clear example of sludge arises in corporations that make it easy to enrol in a subscription service and difficult to cancel the subscription later.

The typical features of sludge are awkward obstacles that kamagra tablets for sale uk burden the customer. The thoughtful identification and elimination of sludge can be a remarkably effective way to advance decisions and prosocial behaviour by changing the choice environment (eg, automated telephone answering systems for patients to refill prescriptions). Of course, sometimes sludge kamagra tablets for sale uk is not an unintentional remnant structure that can be readily modified but a deliberate commercial tactic to stop people acting in their own best interests.An important debate around choice architecture involves preserving patient autonomy, avoiding coercion and allowing freedom. At one extreme, a choice architect might become tantamount to a paternalistic authority infringing on patient liberty or acting maliciously.16 At the other extreme, a choice architect may be relegated to a subordinate position, constrained to featherweight interventions and limited to offering trivial changes to patient health.17 Each society will have its own values when determining the correct balance between freedom and safety, thereby implying that changes in choice architecture may be more acceptable in some regions than others. Inevitably, this leads to inconsistent clinical implementation of choice architecture despite medical science being portrayed as universal regardless of situation.The future is kamagra tablets for sale uk likely to provide more opportunities for improved choice architecture that contribute to quality improvement and patient safety in medicine.

One framework for conceiving such opportunities is the FEAST mnemonic adapted from the Behavioural Insights Team in the UK (table 2).18 The elements are Fun (motivate all stakeholders), Easy (reduce hassle factors), Attractive (design to attract attention), Social (encourage people to commit to others) and Timely (prompt people when they are likely most receptive). These concepts (the vision and blueprint of choice architecture) are now kamagra tablets for sale uk at the frontier for patient safety and quality improvement science. Some of these concepts have been implicitly understood in commercial industries for decades.19 The study by Hart et al suggests clinicians are hungry for this FEAST.View this table:Table 2 FEAST approach to design theory for choice architecture*erectile dysfunction treatment and police brutality have simultaneously heightened public awareness of disparities in health outcomes by race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status, and the underlying structural drivers of systemic racism and social privilege in the USA.1 2 Increasingly kamagra tablets for sale uk major professional associations such as the American Medical Association, American Hospital Association, and Association of American Medical Colleges are decrying racism and inequities, and many individual healthcare organisations are committing to addressing health disparities. Hospitals, clinics and health plans are looking inwards to identify organisational biases and discrimination, and developing outward interventions to advance health equity for their patients. Looking in the mirror honestly kamagra tablets for sale uk takes courage.

Frequently the discoveries and self-insights are troubling.3 At their best, discussions about racism and inequities are challenging.4 Within the quality of care field, disparities in patient safety are relatively understudied.5 6 Thus, Schulson et al’s study in this issue of BMJ Quality and Safety, finding that voluntary incident reporting systems may underdetect safety issues in marginalised populations, is an important sentinel event.7 Implicit bias in providers and structural bias in safety reporting systems might explain this underdetection of problems.In this editorial, I summarise the practical lessons for advancing health equity sustainably, with the hope of accelerating equity in patient safety. I present a framework for advancing health equity, describe common pitfalls and apply the framework to patient safety to inform kamagra tablets for sale uk research and policy recommendations. The wider health disparities field has been criticised for spending too many years describing the phenomenon of inequities before emphasising interventions and solutions. The patient safety field should move faster, incorporating major advances that have occurred regarding how to reduce health disparities.8 9 While equity issues in patient safety have been understudied, the principles for successfully advancing health equity align well with the culture and toolkit of the safety field.10 Thus, achieving equitable patient safety is a realistic kamagra tablets for sale uk and important opportunity.My lessons are from the ‘school of hard knocks’. Over 25 years of performing multilevel health disparities research and interventions locally,11 nationally9 12 13 and internationally.14 I have been fortunate to work with many passionate, inspirational staff and leaders from healthcare and the community who have demonstrated that advancing health equity is not a kamagra tablets for sale uk mirage—it can be done.A framework for advancing health equityThe WHO defines health equity as ‘the absence of unfair and avoidable or remediable differences in health among population groups defined socially, economically, demographically or geographically’.15 To achieve health equity, people should receive the care they need, not necessarily the exact same care.16I summarise a framework for advancing health equity (figure 1).

In brief, individuals and organisations must commit to the mission of maximising the health of diverse individuals and populations. Their actions, policies and procedures must intentionally advance health kamagra tablets for sale uk equity. This intentional design to advance health equity consists of two simultaneous tracks. (1) Create a culture of equity in which the whole organisation—senior leadership, mid-level management, front-line staff and clinicians—truly values and buys in to the mission of advancing health equity.17 Developing a culture of equity requires an inward personal look kamagra tablets for sale uk for biases as well as examination for systematic structures within the organisation that bias against and oppress marginalised groups. (2) Implement the Road Map to Reduce Disparities.9 18 Road map principles are the tenets of good quality improvement, emphasising an equity lens that tailors care to meet the needs of diverse patients rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.

Key steps of the road map are kamagra tablets for sale uk to. Identify disparities kamagra tablets for sale uk with stratified clinical performance data and input of clinicians, staff and patients. Do a root cause analysis of the drivers of the disparities. And design and implement care interventions that address the kamagra tablets for sale uk root causes in collaboration with the affected patients and populations. These actions will ultimately improve individual and population health and improve health and healthcare equity.Framework for Advancing Health Equity.9 18 " data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 1 Framework for Advancing Health Equity.9 18Creating a culture of equity and implementing the concrete actions of the road map are equally important for change.

Management consultant Peter Drucker’s famous aphorism that ‘Culture eats strategy for breakfast’ applies to equity kamagra tablets for sale uk work. Technically sound disparity interventions and strategies will not be implemented or sustained unless equity is an organisational priority among all workers. Similarly, well-meaning http://bobmackin.ca/?p=1038 intentions will kamagra tablets for sale uk not take an organisation far unless accompanied by concrete actions. The key bridge between a culture of equity and road map principles is that every kamagra tablets for sale uk worker in the organisation, from the chief executive officer to front-line staff, must know how to practically operationalise advancing health equity in their daily jobs. Successful application of these lessons is in part interacting effectively with diverse persons, as classically taught in cultural humility classes.19 However, operationalisation goes beyond interpersonal relations to each worker knowing how they should perform their daily jobs with an equity lens and reform the structures in which they work, regardless of whether they are working in clinical care, data analytics, quality improvement, strategic operations, finances, patient experience, environmental services, health information technology or human resources.

Leadership needs to provide front-line staff with the training and kamagra tablets for sale uk support necessary for success. The wider environment requires payment reform that supports and incentivises care transformation that advances health equity.20–22 Partnerships across health and social sectors need to align goals and efforts to address the medical and social drivers of health, both drivers for individual persons as well as the underlying systematic structural drivers.23Common pitfalls(1) Not being intentional about advancing health equity. Relying on magical thinking kamagra tablets for sale uk. When I ask healthcare leaders what they are doing to advance health equity, I frequently hear well-meaning statements kamagra tablets for sale uk such as. €˜We’re already doing quality improvement.’ ‘We’re a safety-net organization that cares for the most vulnerable persons.

It’s who we are.’ ‘The shift from fee-for-service payment to value-based payment and alternative payment models will fix things.’ Such statements are variants of the ‘rising tide lifts all boats’ philosophy and the belief that the ‘invisible hand’, whether it be general free market principles, a general system of quality improvement and patient safety, kamagra tablets for sale uk or general commitment to serving marginalised populations, will suffice in reducing health disparities. Yet, disparities stubbornly persist in quality of care and outcomes by race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status.24Culturally tailored care interventions that address the underlying causes of disparities often work better than default one-size-fits-all approaches.25 However, the ‘invisible hand’ incentives in general quality improvement and pay-for-performance approaches are frequently too weak to drive organisations to tailor approaches to advance health equity,13 and can even be counterproductive. Rather than implement individualised, tailored care that can improve outcomes for diverse minority populations, some organisations perceive that it is easier to improve their aggregate patient outcomes or clinical performance per dollars spent by kamagra tablets for sale uk investing resources in the general system of care, or by intentionally or unintentionally erecting barriers that make it harder for marginalised populations to access their system of care. For example, persons living in zip code areas that have higher percentages of African Americans or persons living in poverty have less access to physicians practising in accountable care organisations.26 27 Moreover, inadequately designed incentive systems can penalise safety-net hospitals that care for marginalised populations, leading to a downward spiral in quality of care and outcomes. The initial iteration of Medicare’s Hospital Readmissions Reduction kamagra tablets for sale uk Program (HRRP) reduced Medicare payments to safety-net hospitals by 1%–3% and increased readmission rates for black patients in these hospitals.28 Directed by legislation passed by Congress, the Medicare programme intentionally addressed this equity problem in the HRRP in 2019 by stratifying hospitals by proportion of patients dually enrolled in Medicare and Medicaid, so that a given hospital’s clinical performance would be compared with that of hospitals with a similar prevalence of poverty when calculating financial rewards and penalties.29(2) Focusing exclusively on cultural humility or implicit bias training and avoiding looking for systemic, structural drivers of inequities.

Many organisations institute cultural humility or implicit bias training as their equity intervention.19 While an important kamagra tablets for sale uk and essential component of creating a culture of equity, such training must be accompanied by hard examination for structural processes that lead to inequities. For example, in a project designed to decrease hospital length of stay, the University of Chicago Medicine data analytics group discovered that the process the organisation had proposed for developing and using machine learning predictive algorithms to identify patients for intervention would have systematically shifted resources away from African Americans to more affluent white patients.30 31 This inequitable process was caught before implementation, and now the data analytics group is proactively building analytical processes to advance health equity.(3) Insufficiently engaging patients and community. Too often perfunctory or no efforts are made to meaningfully engage patients and kamagra tablets for sale uk community in quality improvement and patient safety efforts. Patients and families frequently feel they have not been heard and that their experiences and preferences are not adequately valued.32 33 A common mistake is using proxies for the community rather than the actual community. One organisation we worked with sought advice from Latinx (gender-neutral, non-binary term to indicate of Latin American descent) healthcare workers to design an intervention to reduce kamagra tablets for sale uk disparities in the outcomes of their Latinx patients with depression, rather than speaking with actual patients.

The organisation designed a telephone intervention that failed, partly because their patients frequently had pay-by-the-minute cellphone plans rather than unlimited minute cellphone plans that were probably more commonly used by the Latinx employees. Few patients agreed to kamagra tablets for sale uk enrol in the intervention because of cost.(4) Marginalising equity efforts rather than involving the whole organisation. Frequently healthcare organisations will do an isolated care demonstration project to reduce disparities or appoint a siloed chief equity officer rather than mobilising the whole organisation to advance kamagra tablets for sale uk health equity. It helps having health equity leaders with dedicated resources to catalyse reform, but meaningful sustainable change only occurs when everyone makes it their job to improve health equity. Most organisations do not engage in kamagra tablets for sale uk substantive discussions with payers regarding how to support and incentivise disparities reduction, nor consider how cross-sector partnerships can be organised in effective and financially sustainable ways.(5) Requiring a linear, stepwise process for reducing disparities and allowing the ‘perfect to be the enemy of the good’.

For example, some organisations get stuck collecting race/ethnicity/language data so they can stratify their clinical performance measures by these factors. Such stratified data are valuable but it can be time consuming to establish the initial data kamagra tablets for sale uk collection systems. While those efforts are ongoing, other projects could occur. These additional projects kamagra tablets for sale uk could include creating a culture of equity, and identifying disparity problems based on clinician, staff and patient input, and then designing and implementing interventions to mitigate them.34Recommendations for the patient safety field to advance health equityI offer several recommendations to inform research, policy and practical action.(1) Broaden collaborators to include experts on racism, intersectionality and systems of oppression.3 4 35 A great strength of the patient safety field is its interdisciplinary team approach. However, it is difficult for even the most well-meaning people to understand what they kamagra tablets for sale uk have not experienced.

A recent powerful formative experience for me was living in Aotearoa/New Zealand for several months and writing a paper with diverse international colleagues comparing what Aotearoa/New Zealand and the USA were doing to advance health equity.14 After dozens of frank conversations with my Maori coauthors, I began to understand in depth the devastating nature of colonialism, and the overt and insidious ways power structures can oppress marginalised populations. Increasing the diversity of lived experiences and expertise on patient safety teams is critical, and requires a hard look for systemic biases in hiring practices and procedures.(2) Examine safety kamagra tablets for sale uk criteria and systems for bias. Design and implement equitable systems for identifying, measuring and eliminating safety problems. Patient safety is an inherently complex field that kamagra tablets for sale uk will require explicit and implicit criteria to capture and monitor problems.36 37 Schulson et al’s paper highlights how voluntary reporting systems can introduce bias.7 In practice, automatic and voluntary reporting systems have different strengths and weaknesses that will require careful integration to maximise the chance that equitable safety outcomes will be attained. Automated measures are explicit review measures that are objective but can be relatively crude and limited for capturing safety issues.

In general, voluntary measures are implicit review measures that are subject kamagra tablets for sale uk to a variety of personal and judgement biases but which are more comprehensive and potentially richer. Given that individual discretion is used in voluntary reporting, reports could be grouped into different categories kamagra tablets for sale uk based on degree of legitimate discretion. Such categorisation could help identify whether variation across different patient groups in rates of reported safety defects occurs primarily among criteria with legitimate discretion versus ones where variation likely reflects implicit bias. Diverse workers and patients kamagra tablets for sale uk should be empowered to help create and implement the safety systems and report potential safety problems.33(3) View failures in treatment plans due to social determinants of health as safety issues. A treatment plan that is likely to fail because of social challenges is a safety problem.

Discharging a patient from the hospital when they are medically stable but likely to have poor outcomes kamagra tablets for sale uk because of homelessness is a safety problem. If the purpose of healthcare is to maximise health, then healthcare organisations must collaborate with community partners to address medical and social issues.38(4) Develop validated patient safety equity performance measures. What is measured and rewarded influences what is done.39 40 Safety equity measures could include general safety measures stratified by social factors such as race/ethnicity, population health metrics incorporating the impact of medical and social interventions,41 and structural and process measures such as procedures that incorporate kamagra tablets for sale uk marginalised populations in the safety review process or use safety checklists with explicit consideration of equity at key junctures.30 42(5) Use a full implementation science framework to maximise the chance of effective scale-up and spread of patient safety interventions that advance health equity. Patient safety work has the strength of being an kamagra tablets for sale uk integral valued part of healthcare organisations’ operations. Thus, patient safety leaders, researchers and implementers frequently have a seat at the table when strategic planning is occurring regarding institutional priorities, system reform, financing and relations with external stakeholders such as payers.

A strength of the patient safety field has been its ability to understand and shape culture, and its awareness of how inner and outer contexts affect systems change.43 These perspectives need to be intentionally viewed through an equity lens to reduce disparities.44 45 For example, American organisations need to honestly ask themselves kamagra tablets for sale uk to what extent they will advocate for payment policies that incentivise maximising population health and equitable patient safety rather than current payment systems that support too much low value care.38 46(6) Ride and nurture the moral wave for equity in patient safety. Intrinsic motivation is the most powerful driver of behaviour.47 People want to do the right thing, and they will do so if supported and provided the training and tools for success.48 Seize the opportunity presented by the heightened public readiness for addressing racism and inequities. Keep the kamagra tablets for sale uk momentum going. Now is the time for us to make strong, bold choices.49 We can make a difference and advance health equity, providing hope and the opportunity for a healthy life to all.50.

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NCHS Data buy kamagra online Brief No. 286, September 2017PDF Versionpdf icon (374 KB)Anjel Vahratian, Ph.D.Key findingsData from the National Health Interview Survey, 2015Among those aged 40–59, perimenopausal women (56.0%) were more likely than postmenopausal (40.5%) and premenopausal (32.5%) women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.Postmenopausal women aged 40–59 were more likely than premenopausal women aged 40–59 to have trouble falling asleep (27.1% compared with 16.8%, respectively), and staying asleep (35.9% compared with 23.7%), four times or more in the past week.Postmenopausal women aged 40–59 (55.1%) were more likely than premenopausal women aged 40–59 (47.0%) to not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week.Sleep duration and quality are important contributors to health and wellness. Insufficient sleep is associated with an increased risk for chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease (1) and diabetes (2) buy kamagra online. Women may be particularly vulnerable to sleep problems during times of reproductive hormonal change, such as after the menopausal transition. Menopause is “the permanent cessation of menstruation that buy kamagra online occurs after the loss of ovarian activity” (3).

This data brief describes sleep duration and sleep quality among nonpregnant women aged 40–59 by menopausal status. The age range selected for this analysis reflects the focus on midlife sleep health. In this analysis, 74.2% of women are premenopausal, 3.7% are perimenopausal, and 22.1% are buy kamagra online postmenopausal. Keywords. Insufficient sleep, menopause, National Health Interview Survey Perimenopausal women were more likely than premenopausal and postmenopausal women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.More than one in three nonpregnant women aged 40–59 slept less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period (35.1%) (Figure 1) buy kamagra online.

Perimenopausal women were most likely to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period (56.0%), compared with 32.5% of premenopausal and 40.5% of postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period. Figure 1 buy kamagra online. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who slept less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant buy kamagra online quadratic trend by menopausal status (p <.

0.05).NOTES. Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had buy kamagra online a menstrual cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for Figure buy kamagra online 1pdf icon.SOURCE.

NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015. The percentage of women aged 40–59 who had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week varied by buy kamagra online menopausal status.Nearly one in five nonpregnant women aged 40–59 had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week (19.4%) (Figure 2). The percentage of women in this age group who had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week increased from 16.8% among premenopausal women to 24.7% among perimenopausal and 27.1% among postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to have trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week. Figure 2 buy kamagra online.

Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant linear trend by menopausal status (p < buy kamagra online. 0.05).NOTES. Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if buy kamagra online they no longer had a menstrual cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less.

Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data buy kamagra online table for Figure 2pdf icon.SOURCE. NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015. The percentage of women aged 40–59 buy kamagra online who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.More than one in four nonpregnant women aged 40–59 had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week (26.7%) (Figure 3). The percentage of women aged 40–59 who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week increased from 23.7% among premenopausal, to 30.8% among perimenopausal, and to 35.9% among postmenopausal women.

Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to have trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week. Figure 3 buy kamagra online. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant linear trend by menopausal buy kamagra online status (p <. 0.05).NOTES.

Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had a menstrual cycle and their last buy kamagra online menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table buy kamagra online for Figure 3pdf icon.SOURCE. NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015.

The percentage of women aged 40–59 who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.Nearly one in two nonpregnant women aged 40–59 did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week (48.9%) (Figure 4). The percentage of women in this age group buy kamagra online who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week increased from 47.0% among premenopausal women to 49.9% among perimenopausal and 55.1% among postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week. Figure 4 buy kamagra online. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week, by menopausal status.

United States, 2015image icon1Significant linear trend by menopausal status (p <. 0.05).NOTES. Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had a menstrual cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle.

Access data table for Figure 4pdf icon.SOURCE. NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015. SummaryThis report describes sleep duration and sleep quality among U.S. Nonpregnant women aged 40–59 by menopausal status. Perimenopausal women were most likely to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period compared with premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

In contrast, postmenopausal women were most likely to have poor-quality sleep. A greater percentage of postmenopausal women had frequent trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, and not waking well rested compared with premenopausal women. The percentage of perimenopausal women with poor-quality sleep was between the percentages for the other two groups in all three categories. Sleep duration changes with advancing age (4), but sleep duration and quality are also influenced by concurrent changes in women’s reproductive hormone levels (5). Because sleep is critical for optimal health and well-being (6), the findings in this report highlight areas for further research and targeted health promotion.

DefinitionsMenopausal status. A three-level categorical variable was created from a series of questions that asked women. 1) “How old were you when your periods or menstrual cycles started?. €. 2) “Do you still have periods or menstrual cycles?.

€. 3) “When did you have your last period or menstrual cycle?. €. And 4) “Have you ever had both ovaries removed, either as part of a hysterectomy or as one or more separate surgeries?. € Women were postmenopausal if they a) had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or b) were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries.

Women were perimenopausal if they a) no longer had a menstrual cycle and b) their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Premenopausal women still had a menstrual cycle.Not waking feeling well rested. Determined by respondents who answered 3 days or less on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, on how many days did you wake up feeling well rested?. €Short sleep duration. Determined by respondents who answered 6 hours or less on the questionnaire item asking, “On average, how many hours of sleep do you get in a 24-hour period?.

€Trouble falling asleep. Determined by respondents who answered four times or more on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, how many times did you have trouble falling asleep?. €Trouble staying asleep. Determined by respondents who answered four times or more on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, how many times did you have trouble staying asleep?. € Data source and methodsData from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used for this analysis.

NHIS is a multipurpose health survey conducted continuously throughout the year by the National Center for Health Statistics. Interviews are conducted in person in respondents’ homes, but follow-ups to complete interviews may be conducted over the telephone. Data for this analysis came from the Sample Adult core and cancer supplement sections of the 2015 NHIS. For more information about NHIS, including the questionnaire, visit the NHIS website.All analyses used weights to produce national estimates. Estimates on sleep duration and quality in this report are nationally representative of the civilian, noninstitutionalized nonpregnant female population aged 40–59 living in households across the United States.

The sample design is described in more detail elsewhere (7). Point estimates and their estimated variances were calculated using SUDAAN software (8) to account for the complex sample design of NHIS. Linear and quadratic trend tests of the estimated proportions across menopausal status were tested in SUDAAN via PROC DESCRIPT using the POLY option. Differences between percentages were evaluated using two-sided significance tests at the 0.05 level. About the authorAnjel Vahratian is with the National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Interview Statistics.

The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Lindsey Black in the preparation of this report. ReferencesFord ES. Habitual sleep duration and predicted 10-year cardiovascular risk using the pooled cohort risk equations among US adults. J Am Heart Assoc 3(6):e001454. 2014.Ford ES, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Li C, Perry GS, Croft JB.

Associations between self-reported sleep duration and sleeping disorder with concentrations of fasting and 2-h glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin among adults without diagnosed diabetes. J Diabetes 6(4):338–50. 2014.American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 141.

Management of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 123(1):202–16. 2014.Black LI, Nugent CN, Adams PF. Tables of adult health behaviors, sleep. National Health Interview Survey, 2011–2014pdf icon.

2016.Santoro N. Perimenopause. From research to practice. J Women’s Health (Larchmt) 25(4):332–9. 2016.Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, et al.

Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult. A joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. J Clin Sleep Med 11(6):591–2. 2015.Parsons VL, Moriarity C, Jonas K, et al. Design and estimation for the National Health Interview Survey, 2006–2015.

National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(165). 2014.RTI International. SUDAAN (Release 11.0.0) [computer software]. 2012.

Suggested citationVahratian A. Sleep duration and quality among women aged 40–59, by menopausal status. NCHS data brief, no 286. Hyattsville, MD. National Center for Health Statistics.

2017.Copyright informationAll material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission. Citation as to source, however, is appreciated.National Center for Health StatisticsCharles J. Rothwell, M.S., M.B.A., DirectorJennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate Director for ScienceDivision of Health Interview StatisticsMarcie L. Cynamon, DirectorStephen J.

Blumberg, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science.

NCHS Data kamagra tablets for sale uk Brief https://www.voiture-et-handicap.fr/cost-of-baclofen-10mg/ No. 286, September 2017PDF Versionpdf icon (374 KB)Anjel Vahratian, Ph.D.Key findingsData from the National Health Interview Survey, 2015Among those aged 40–59, perimenopausal women (56.0%) were more likely than postmenopausal (40.5%) and premenopausal (32.5%) women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.Postmenopausal women aged 40–59 were more likely than premenopausal women aged 40–59 to have trouble falling asleep (27.1% compared with 16.8%, respectively), and staying asleep (35.9% compared with 23.7%), four times or more in the past week.Postmenopausal women aged 40–59 (55.1%) were more likely than premenopausal women aged 40–59 (47.0%) to not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week.Sleep duration and quality are important contributors to health and wellness. Insufficient sleep is associated with an increased risk for chronic conditions such as cardiovascular kamagra tablets for sale uk disease (1) and diabetes (2).

Women may be particularly vulnerable to sleep problems during times of reproductive hormonal change, such as after the menopausal transition. Menopause is “the kamagra tablets for sale uk permanent cessation of menstruation that occurs after the loss of ovarian activity” (3). This data brief describes sleep duration and sleep quality among nonpregnant women aged 40–59 by menopausal status.

The age range selected for this analysis reflects the focus on midlife sleep health. In this analysis, 74.2% kamagra tablets for sale uk of women are premenopausal, 3.7% are perimenopausal, and 22.1% are postmenopausal. Keywords.

Insufficient sleep, menopause, National Health Interview Survey Perimenopausal women were more likely kamagra tablets for sale uk than premenopausal and postmenopausal women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.More than one in three nonpregnant women aged 40–59 slept less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period (35.1%) (Figure 1). Perimenopausal women were most likely to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period (56.0%), compared with 32.5% of premenopausal and 40.5% of postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period.

Figure 1 kamagra tablets for sale uk. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who slept less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period, by menopausal status. United States, kamagra tablets for sale uk 2015image icon1Significant quadratic trend by menopausal status (p <.

0.05).NOTES. Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had kamagra tablets for sale uk a menstrual cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less.

Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for kamagra tablets for sale uk Figure 1pdf icon.SOURCE. NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015.

The percentage of women aged 40–59 who had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.Nearly one in five nonpregnant women aged 40–59 kamagra tablets for sale uk had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week (19.4%) (Figure 2). The percentage of women in this age group who had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week increased from 16.8% among premenopausal women to 24.7% among perimenopausal and 27.1% among postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to have trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week.

Figure 2 kamagra tablets for sale uk. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who had trouble falling asleep four times or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant linear kamagra tablets for sale uk trend by menopausal status (p <.

0.05).NOTES. Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal kamagra tablets for sale uk if they no longer had a menstrual cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less.

Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for kamagra tablets for sale uk Figure 2pdf icon.SOURCE. NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015.

The percentage of women aged 40–59 who had kamagra tablets for sale uk trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.More than one in four nonpregnant women aged 40–59 had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week (26.7%) (Figure 3). The percentage of women aged 40–59 who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week increased from 23.7% among premenopausal, to 30.8% among perimenopausal, and to 35.9% among postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to have trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week.

Figure 3 kamagra tablets for sale uk. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who had trouble staying asleep four times or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant linear trend kamagra tablets for sale uk by menopausal status (p <.

0.05).NOTES. Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal kamagra tablets for sale uk if they no longer had a menstrual cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less.

Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for Figure kamagra tablets for sale uk 3pdf icon.SOURCE. NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015.

The percentage of women aged 40–59 who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week varied by menopausal status.Nearly one in two nonpregnant women aged 40–59 did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week (48.9%) (Figure 4). The percentage of women in this age group who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week increased from 47.0% among premenopausal women to 49.9% among perimenopausal and 55.1% among kamagra tablets for sale uk postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women were significantly more likely than premenopausal women to not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week.

Figure 4 kamagra tablets for sale uk. Percentage of nonpregnant women aged 40–59 who did not wake up feeling well rested 4 days or more in the past week, by menopausal status. United States, 2015image icon1Significant linear trend by menopausal status (p <.

0.05).NOTES. Women were postmenopausal if they had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries. Women were perimenopausal if they no longer had a menstrual cycle and their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less.

Women were premenopausal if they still had a menstrual cycle. Access data table for Figure 4pdf icon.SOURCE. NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2015.

SummaryThis report describes sleep duration and sleep quality among U.S. Nonpregnant women aged 40–59 by menopausal status. Perimenopausal women were most likely to sleep less than 7 hours, on average, in a 24-hour period compared with premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

In contrast, postmenopausal women were most likely to have poor-quality sleep. A greater percentage of postmenopausal women had frequent trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, and not waking well rested compared with premenopausal women. The percentage of perimenopausal women with poor-quality sleep was between the percentages for the other two groups in all three categories.

Sleep duration changes with advancing age (4), but sleep duration and quality are also influenced by concurrent changes in women’s reproductive hormone levels (5). Because sleep is critical for optimal health and well-being (6), the findings in this report highlight areas for further research and targeted health promotion. DefinitionsMenopausal status.

A three-level categorical variable was created from a series of questions that asked women. 1) “How old were you when your periods or menstrual cycles started?. €.

2) “Do you still have periods or menstrual cycles?. €. 3) “When did you have your last period or menstrual cycle?.

€. And 4) “Have you ever had both ovaries removed, either as part of a hysterectomy or as one or more separate surgeries?. € Women were postmenopausal if they a) had gone without a menstrual cycle for more than 1 year or b) were in surgical menopause after the removal of their ovaries.

Women were perimenopausal if they a) no longer had a menstrual cycle and b) their last menstrual cycle was 1 year ago or less. Premenopausal women still had a menstrual cycle.Not waking feeling well rested. Determined by respondents who answered 3 days or less on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, on how many days did you wake up feeling well rested?.

€Short sleep duration. Determined by respondents who answered 6 hours or less on the questionnaire item asking, “On average, how many hours of sleep do you get in a 24-hour period?. €Trouble falling asleep.

Determined by respondents who answered four times or more on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, how many times did you have trouble falling asleep?. €Trouble staying asleep. Determined by respondents who answered four times or more on the questionnaire item asking, “In the past week, how many times did you have trouble staying asleep?.

€ Data source and methodsData from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used for this analysis. NHIS is a multipurpose health survey conducted continuously throughout the year by the National Center for Health Statistics. Interviews are conducted in person in respondents’ homes, but follow-ups to complete interviews may be conducted over the telephone.

Data for this analysis came from the Sample Adult core and cancer supplement sections of the 2015 NHIS. For more information about NHIS, including the questionnaire, visit the NHIS website.All analyses used weights to produce national estimates. Estimates on sleep duration and quality in this report are nationally representative of the civilian, noninstitutionalized nonpregnant female population aged 40–59 living in households across the United States.

The sample design is described in more detail elsewhere (7). Point estimates and their estimated variances were calculated using SUDAAN software (8) to account for the complex sample design of NHIS. Linear and quadratic trend tests of the estimated proportions across menopausal status were tested in SUDAAN via PROC DESCRIPT using the POLY option.

Differences between percentages were evaluated using two-sided significance tests at the 0.05 level. About the authorAnjel Vahratian is with the National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Interview Statistics. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Lindsey Black in the preparation of this report.

ReferencesFord ES. Habitual sleep duration and predicted 10-year cardiovascular risk using the pooled cohort risk equations among US adults. J Am Heart Assoc 3(6):e001454.

2014.Ford ES, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Li C, Perry GS, Croft JB. Associations between self-reported sleep duration and sleeping disorder with concentrations of fasting and 2-h glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin among adults without diagnosed diabetes. J Diabetes 6(4):338–50.

2014.American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 141.

Management of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 123(1):202–16. 2014.Black LI, Nugent CN, Adams PF.

Tables of adult health behaviors, sleep. National Health Interview Survey, 2011–2014pdf icon. 2016.Santoro N.

Perimenopause. From research to practice. J Women’s Health (Larchmt) 25(4):332–9.

2016.Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult. A joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society.

J Clin Sleep Med 11(6):591–2. 2015.Parsons VL, Moriarity C, Jonas K, et al. Design and estimation for the National Health Interview Survey, 2006–2015.

National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(165). 2014.RTI International.

SUDAAN (Release 11.0.0) [computer software]. 2012. Suggested citationVahratian A.

Sleep duration and quality among women aged 40–59, by menopausal status. NCHS data brief, no 286. Hyattsville, MD.

National Center for Health Statistics. 2017.Copyright informationAll material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission. Citation as to source, however, is appreciated.National Center for Health StatisticsCharles J.

Rothwell, M.S., M.B.A., DirectorJennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate Director for ScienceDivision of Health Interview StatisticsMarcie L. Cynamon, DirectorStephen J.

Blumberg, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science.

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65.8

56.2

97x38

55.6

97x43

*52,8

97x48

49.6

97x53

*46,1

97x58

*42,3

97x63

38.0

97x68

33.4

33.4

97x73

28.5

97x78

23.2

97x83

*17.6

102x0

72.7

72.7

72.7

62.1

102x38

62.6

102x48

56.6

56.6

48.4

102x58

49.2

49.2

42.0

102x68

40.4

34.5

102x73

35.0

102x78

30.2

25.8

102x83

*24.6

102x88

18.6

107x58

56.7

107x63

52.2

52.2

107x73

*42.8

107x78

37.5

107x83

31.9

107x88

25.9

112x0

87.7

87.7

87.7

74.9

112x38

77.6

112x48

71.5

71.5

61.1

112x58

64.1

54.8

112x63

60.0

112x68

55.3

47.3

112x78

45.1

45.1

112x88

33.6

28.7

112x93

27.2

117x63

67.9

117x73

58.4

58.4

117x83

47.5

117x93

*35.2

117x98

28.6

122x0

104.0

104.0

104.0

88.9

122x68

71.7

71.7

61.2

122x78

61.5

122x88

49.2

42.6

122x98

36.9

31.5

122x103

*29,9

127x63

85.0

85.0

85.0

127x73

75.5

127x83

64.6

127x93

52.3

127x103

38.6

127x108

31.2

132x0

121.8

121.8

122.0

104.0

132x68

89.1

132x78

79.2

67.7

132x88

67.6

132x98

53.9

132x108

40.2

135x0

108.7

137x73

93.9

137x93

*70,7

137x103

57.0

142x0

140.9

140.9

141.5

120.4

142x58

117.4

142x78

98.4

98.4

142x88

74.1

142x98

73.0

142x108

58.7

142x118

43.6

147x103

76.9

147x123

45.3

152x0

161.5

161.5

162.0

137.9

152x88

107.3

152x98

94.3

94.3

80.6

152x108

79.9

152x118

64.1

64.1

152x128

47.0

162x0

183.4

183.4

183.5

156.7

162x98

116.3

116.3

116.3

162x118

86.1

73.5

162x128

68.9

162x138

50.3

50.3

172x0

207.0

207.0

172x108

125.2

*107,0

172x128

92.2

172x138

73.6

172x148

53.7

53.7

182x0

232.0

232.0

EXT 197.8

182x118

134.1

182x128

117.5

*99,9

182x138

98.4

182x148

78.4

182x158

57.0

57.0

192x0

258.0

258.0

EXT 220.1

192x128

143.1

192x148

104.5

*89,3

192x168

60.4

202x0

285.0

285.0

202x98

218.0

218.0

218.0

202x138

152.0

152.0

202x148

*112,8

202x158

110.7

202x178

63.7

205x82

*246,8

212x138

180.4

212x148

161.0

212x158

*119,2

212x168

116.8

212x178

92.6

212x188

66.0

222x0

344.0

344.0

222x98

277.2

277.2

222x148

191.3

222x168

147.1

*125,7

222x178

123.0

222x188

97.4

232x158

201.6

201.6

232x178

154.7

*132,1

232x188

129.1

232x198

102.1

242x168

212.0

212.0

242x188

162.2

*138,6

242x198

135.3

242x208

106.9

252x0

444.0

444.0

252x178

222.3

*189,9

252x198

169.8

252x208

141.4

252x218

111.6

262x198

*175,7

262x218

147.6

262x228

116.4

272x168

319.7

319.7

272x228

153.7

272x238

121.1

276x0

*532,5

282x218

*191,0

282x238

159.9

282x248

125.9

292x188

348.8

292x248

166.0

302x148

484.4

302x198

363.3

363.3

*310,4

302x258

172.1

322x238

*280,8

332x248

*290,9

332x273

249.4

352x148

713.0

362x293

315.8

*269,8

392x343

251.6

402x148

976.5

402x348

*241,8

Firkant stænger
Standard dimensioner og legeringer
Standardlængder: 500, 1000, 2000 mm

A x B mm

JM 1-15 Rødgods

JM 3-15
Tin-bronze

JM 7-15/20 Aluminiumbronze

30x30

*6,8

32x32

9,1

9,1

40x40

*12,0

42x42

15,7

15,7

45x45

*15,2

52x12

5,6

5,6

52x14

6,5

6,5

52x18

8,3

8,3

52x22

10,2

10,2

52x52

24,1

24,1

55x55

*22,7

60x60

*27,4

67x12

7,2

7,2

67x14

8,3

8,3

67x18

10,7

10,7

67x22

13,1

13,1

67x32

19,1

19,1

16,3

70x70

*43,6

80x42

25,8

80x51

31.3

82x12

8,8

8,8

82x14

10,2

10,2

82x18

13,1

13,1

82x22

16,1

16,1

102x12

10,9

10,9

102x14

12,7

12,7

102x18

16,3

16,3

102x22

20,2

20,2

102x52

47

103x30

*23,5

105x55

44.2

122x18

19,5

19,5

122x22

23,9

23,9

130x63

62.6

130x65

74,7

142x18

22,7

22,7

142x22

27,8

27,8

150x70

*79,8

150x90

102,6

162x18

26

26

162x22

31,7

31,7

162x72

103

182x18

29,2

29,2

182x22

35,6

35,6

185x90

*126,5

202x18

32,4

32,4

202x22

39,6

39,6

202x30

*46,1

Sekskant stænger
Standard dimensioner og legeringer
Standardlængder: 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 mm. Sekskantstænger m/ hul fremstilles på bestilling

NV mm

JM 1-15 Rødgods

17

2,2

18

2,5

22

3,7

24

4,4

26

5,2

28

6

32

7,9

36

10

44

14,9

50

19,3